[Features of lung damage in baclofen poisoning]. / Osobennosti povrezhdeniya legkikh pri otravlenii baklofenom.

OBJECTIVE: To reveal pathological lung changes in baclofen poisoning and to assess their dynamics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment included 20 mature (at age 20 weeks) male rats of Wistar line weighing 290-350 gr. The animals were divided into 3 study groups (5 rats in each) depending on experiment's duration after 85 mg/kg baclofen administration: 3, 4.5 and 24 h in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups, respectively. Control group consisted of 5 animals without baclofen administration. RESULTS: A number of pathological reactions, including circulatory disorder (venular and capillary congestion, hemorrhage in interalveolar septa, alveoli, sludge) and the appearance of emphysema loci (interalveolar septa at emphysema loci are thinned), alternating with atelectases and dystelectases. The area taken up by vessels after 4.5 h. baclofen administration was statistically significantly higher than in control group, and after 24 h. - statistically significantly higher than in 4.5 h. The area with white blood cells and WBC/IAP ratio after 4.5 h of baclofen administration were statistically significantly higher than in control group after 3 and 24 h of administration. The number of white blood cells, giving PAS positive reaction, increases during baclofen administration. The complex of pathological lung changes, revealed by ourselves, has a certain dynamics. CONCLUSION: The data on morphological lung changes combined with results of chemical examination can be used to diagnose baclofen poisoning and to determine the time elapsed since this medicine administration.

The Effect of the Toxic Dose of Baclofen on Selected Parameters of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems.

The effect of the toxic dose of the muscle relaxant baclofen on the parameters of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was studied in adult male Wistar rats (n=20). Systolic and diastolic BP, HR, and respiratory rate were measured; histological changes in the lungs 3, 4.5, and 24 h after drug administration. Baclofen was administered orally in a sublethal toxic dose of 85 mg/kg under anesthesia. Cardiac activity was analyzed using RSM physiological indicators monitoring system with MouseMonitor S (Indus Instruments) software. Histological examination was performed by light microscopy. Baclofen significantly decreased the respiratory rate and increased HR and BP. Histological examination of the lungs revealed a complex of general pathological processes, such as local circulatory disorders (venular and capillary fullness, sludge), leukocyte infiltration of the interalveolar septa and their thickening due to edema. These findings can be used to estimate the time elapsed after baclofen treatment.

Baclofen (fun drug) and ethanol combined poisoning in humans: A histopathology and morphometry model.

BACKGROUND: - This study intends to address the scarcity of data regarding the pathogenesis of Baclofen poisoning in humans, which has seen a recent increase, worldwide, especially amongst the young people. Another reason for the conduction of this study was lack of the substantial data about the histo-pathological findings of lungs, in synergistic toxicity of Baclofen with Ethanol, in-spite of it being very common in humans, and both being respiratory depressant with similar mechanism of action. PURPOSE: - The authors aimed to understand the pathogenesis of fatal poisonings in humans due to Baclofen in combination with Ethanol via an animal research model. The enhancement of the overall scientific literature by extending research along the lines of the handful studies available in this regard was another adjunct goal of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into control and test group of five and ten subjects respectively. The test group was further divided into two sub-groups of five each, with Baclofen administered to one, and it in conjunction with Ethanol to the other, in lowest dosages adjusted for the humans. Rats in both the groups were euthanized by dislocation of the cervical vertebrae for the histopathology examination. RESULTS: Capillary and venous plethora, hemorrhages in the inter-alveolar septi, hemorrhages into the alveoli and sludging was seen in the 1st sub-group. The plethora of venules, capillaries and arterioles, with sludging by the WBC (white blood corpuscle) infiltrates was seen in the 2nd sub-group. Desquamation of the ciliated epithelium and edematous thickening of the intra-alveolar septi, along with features suggestive of the peri-vascular edema was seen in the 2nd sub-group. The morphometric analysis of the micro vessels showed a significantly higher value of the arteriolar diameter in the 2nd sub-group, in comparison to 1st, but the venular diameter in the two sub-groups did not differ to any extent.

[The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Depending on Social Belonging of Population].

The sexually transmitted infections represent an actual medical social problem. The purpose of study is to analyze characteristics of their prevalence in various social groups of population. The data from annual reports on morbidity in the Republic of Udmurtia in 2006-2015 is analyzed. The analysis of morbidity of sexually transmitted infections during the mentioned period demonstrated the highest morbidity of chlamydia infection (from 135 in 2006 to 194,8 in 2015 per 100 000 of population) and trichomoniasis (from 63.5 in 2006 to 183.4 in 2015 per 100 000 of population). In the structure of morbidity in 2006 trichomoniasis went to 25.6±1.2%, chlamydia infection -- 19±0.9%, syphilis -- 17.6±0.8%. In the end of analyzed period, chlamydia infection was in the lead in overall structure of morbidity. The analysis of morbidity subject to social belonging demonstrated that in relation to syphilis and trichomoniasis preponderance the diseased was in the direction of non-working population while in case of other infections in the direction of workers of middle and minor business. The results of study demonstrated the necessity of development of activities in area of primary prevention among working population, workers of middle and minor business and student youth.

Chitosan as a Modifying Component of Artificial Scaffold for Human Skin Tissue Engineering.

We compared the structure and mechanical properties of scaffolds based on pure collagen, pure chitosan, and a mixture of these polymers. The role of the composition and structure of scaffolds in the maintenance of cell functions (proliferation, differentiation, and migration) was demonstrated in two experimental models: homogeneous tissue analogues (scaffold populated by fibroblasts) and complex skin equivalents (fibroblasts and keratinocytes). In contrast to collagen scaffolds, pure chitosan inhibited the growth of fibroblasts that did not form contacts with chitosan fibers, but formed specific cellular conglomerates, spheroids, and lose their ability to synthesize natural extracellular matrix. However, the use of chitosan as an additive stimulated proliferative activity of fibroblasts on collagen, which can be associated with improvement of mechanical properties of the collagen scaffolds. The effectiveness of chitosan as an additional cross-linking agent also manifested in its ability to improve significantly the resistance of collagen scaffolds to fibroblast contraction in comparison with glutaraldehyde treatment. Polymer scaffolds (without cells) accelerated complete healing of skin wounds in vivo irrespective of their composition healing, pure chitosan sponge being most effective. We concluded that the use of chitosan as the scaffold for skin equivalents populated with skin cells is impractical, whereas it can be an effective modifier of polymer scaffolds.

[State of succinate dehydrogenase in the organism--"unbalanced" or hyperactive].

Through the use of the original cytobiochemical method to study oxidation in mitochondria, preserving their native organization in network within cells in a blood smear, we revealed hyperactive state of succinate dehydrogenase, which is realized in the organism under physiological stress. It is consistent with the view of the non-equilibrium state of enzymes during activity. The mechanism of the succinate dehydrogenase hyperactivity moderation is based on the full functioning of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, supported by oxidation of isocitric acid.

Magnetic and thermophysical properties of Gd(X)Mn(1-X)S solid solutions.

The structural, magnetic, and thermophysical properties of cation-substituted sulfides Gd(X)Mn(1-X)S (0.04 ≤ X ≤ 0.25) with the NaCl-type face-centered cubic lattice have been investigated. The range of existence of long-range antiferromagnetic order has been established. The anomalies observed in the temperature dependence of the specific heat correspond to the temperatures of the magnetic phase transition. The anomaly in the specific heat caused by electron transitions between the 4f levels and d band states has been observed. It has been found that the coefficient of thermal expansion decreases with increasing concentration of substituents in the magnetically ordered region and remains nearly invariable in the paramagnetic phase.

Burst of succinate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in concert with the expression of genes coding for respiratory chain proteins underlies short-term beneficial physiological stress in mitochondria.

Conditions for the realization in rats of moderate physiological stress (PHS) (30-120 min) were selected, which preferentially increase adaptive restorative processes without adverse responses typical of harmful stress (HST). The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH) activity and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria were measured in lymphocytes by the cytobiochemical method, which detects the regulation of mitochondria in the organism with high sensitivity. These mitochondrial markers undergo an initial 10-20-fold burst of activity followed by a decrease to a level exceeding the quiescent state 2-3-fold by 120 min of PHS. By 30-60 min, the rise in SDH activity was greater than in KDH activity, while the activity of KDH prevailed over that of SDH by 120 min. The attenuation of SDH hyperactivity during PHS occurs by a mechanism other than oxaloacetate inhibition developed under HST. The dynamics of SDH and KDH activity corresponds to the known physiological replacement of adrenergic regulation by cholinergic during PHS, which is confirmed here by mitochondrial markers because their activity reflects these two types of nerve regulation, respectively. The domination of cholinergic regulation provides the overrestoration of expenditures for activity. In essence, this phenomenon corresponds to the training of the organism. It was first revealed in mitochondria after a single short-time stress episode. The burst of ROS formation was congruous with changes in SDH and KDH activity, as well as in ucp2 and cox3 expression, while the activity of SDH was inversely dependent on the expression of the gene of its catalytic subunit in the spleen. As the SDH activity enhanced, the expression of the succinate receptor decreased with subsequent dramatic rise when the activity was becoming lower. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaption and therapy.

[Mesenchymal stem cells as perspective method of fibrosis/cirrhosis treatment].

UNLABELLED: THE PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Discuss the background and available results of transplantation of bone marrow stem cells as a promising treatment of hepatic fibrosis. KEY PROVISIONS: Actuality of the problem of chronic hepatitis is present due to their progressive course with the formation of liver cirrhosis and a high level of mortality. Conservative treatment of patients with decompensated process requires a liver transplantation that is compounded by the high percentage of graft reinfection in infectious hepatology. It is necessary to study the use of bone marrow-derived stem cells transplantation, because MSCs have certain therapeutic potential, low immunogenicity and the capacity for directional migration. In experimental models MSCs mechanisms of action are shown to limit the progression of liver fibrosis and stimulation of regeneration processes. In clinical studies good tolerability and relative safety of administration of autologous MSCs have reported as well as the positive effects on liver synthetic function, a decrease in the severity of cirrhosis on class Child-Pugh and MELD, reduction in overall mortality are shown. The results of our own prospective pilot study using autologous MSCs from bone marrow in patients with HCV-associated liver cirrhosis are described. CONCLUSION: MSCs can exert multiple synergistic effects on the hepatic stellate cells, reduce inflammation in the liver tissue remodeling processes and fibrogenesis. For objective evidence of the clinical benefits of the method, evaluation of long-term efficacy and safety of MSCs, as well as developing rational strategies, further clinical studies are required.

The interrelation of magnetic and dielectric properties of Co(x)Mn(1 - x)S solid solutions.

Magnetization of the cation-substituted Co(x)Mn(1 - x)S sulfides upon cooling in zero and 100 Oe magnetic fields at the temperatures 4-300 K has been measured. Permittivity of these materials at frequencies from 1 to 100 kHz in magnetic and dc electric fields in the 100-300 K temperature range has been determined. Change in the dielectric permittivity under an external magnetic field is found to have a maximum in the temperature ranges of T1 ~ (110-120 K) and T2 ~ (230-250 K). Formation of spontaneous magnetic moment and the rise of magnetic susceptibility are revealed at the same temperatures in the Co(x)Mn(1- x)S solid solutions. Features of the magnetoelectric properties of the sulfides have been explained by orbital ordering.

Acoustic aspects of the formation of speech in children in the third year of life.

This study covers the third year of life as part of a longitudinal investigation of the establishment of speech in Russian children performed on the basis of listener, phonetic, and instrumented acoustical analysis. The present report addresses the establishment of those additional acoustic and phonetic characteristics in children's speech which allow speech recognition. This is the first instrumented analysis in Russian children with statistical assessment of the dynamics of vowel formants in children's words, of the establishment of characteristics (stress, lack of stress), opposition (palatalization, lack of palatalization of consonants), and voice onset time for plosive consonants. The results showed that recognition of children's words by listeners with a high probability of success resulted from the formation of a system of acoustically stable properties in the children's speech which together provide informational adequacy for verbal communication.

[The acoustic aspect of the speech development in children during the third year of life]. / Akusticheskii aspekt formirovaniia rechi rebenka na tret'em godu zhizni.

The current part of a Russian language acquisition longitudinal study based on auditory, phonetic and instrumental analysis is devoted to the third year of child's life. We examined the development of supplementary acoustic and phonetic features of the child's speech providing for the possibility for the speech to be recognized. The instrumental analysis and statistical processing of vowel formant dynamics as well as stress, palatalization and VOT development, has been performed for the first time in Russian children. We showed that the high probability of children words recognition by auditors was due to establishment of a system of acoustically stable features which, in combination with each other, provide for the informative sufficiency of a message.

[Cause for maintaining high instability at the yellow gene in Drosophila melanogaster lines, isolated during the "mode for mutation" period in Uman populations]. / Prichina sokhraneniia vysokoi nestabil'nosti po genu yellow v liniiakh Drosophila melanogaster, vydelennykh v period "mody na mutatsiiu" v populiatsii Umani.

Mobile genetic elements are responsible for most spontaneous mutations in Drosophila melenogaster. The discovered in the 1980s phenomenon of frequent change of the wild-type yellow phenotype for a mutant one, and vice-versa, in strains of Drosophila melanogaster isolated from the Uman' natural population can be, according to our data, explained by repeated inversions and reinversions of the gene regulatory region located between the two copies of the hobo transport. However, most molecular genetic events accompanying the process can occur without the phenotype change. After several generations, the strains, remaining phenotypically unchanged, can possess different molecular genetic properties with respect to yellow. Using genetically homogenous or isogenic strains for the genetic analysis or for production of the new plant cultivars or animal breeds, geneticists and breeders often face the problem of stability of the strains. In the present study, the mechanism underlying the generation of instability at the yellow locus of D. melanogaster determined by the hobo-induced genome instability is described.

[Clinical features and treatment of polypous rhinosinusitis combined with allergic diseases]. / Osobennosti kliniki i lechebnoi taktike pri polipoznom rinosinusite v sochetanii s allergicheskimi zabolevaniiami.

140 patients of ENT-clinic and 484 patients of immunological clinic with nasal and paranasal polyposis were examined to characterize clinical features and therapeutic policy in polypous rhinosinusitis (PRS) in various allergic pathology. PRS was frequently associated with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, aspirin intolerance, atopic dermatitis, asthmatic triad). This allows considering PRS as a particular manifestation of general allergic pathology. Therapeutic policy consists in selection of basic therapy of the underlying (allergic) disease, management of chronic infection, adequate examination of the patients and individual selection of drugs in preoperative preparation and postoperative management of patients.

Russian-American partners for prevention. Adaptation of a school-based parent-child programme for alcohol use prevention.

BACKGROUND: The Russian-American Partners for Prevention was an adaptation and evaluation of the Slick Tracy Home Team Program which was developed in Minnesota in order to delay the onset of drinking. The Slick Tracy Home Team Program was the first intervention of Project Northland, a large 3 year community trial of the efficacy of a public health intervention for under age drinking. METHODS: The programme was administered through schools, but involved parents using engaging and fun homework activities. The Russian version was implemented in fifth-grade classrooms in 20 Moscow schools with 1,212 students surveyed at baseline. Students were surveyed again after programme implementation (n = 1,182), of whom 980 were present at baseline. Parents of 1,078 students were surveyed by telephone after programme implementation. RESULTS: The results demonstrated the successful recruitment and retention of 20 Moscow schools in a research project, acceptability of programme materials in Russia, high participation rates, changes in students' knowledge about problems associated with under age drinking and some evidence about increases in parent-child communication about alcohol use. As in the USA, no changes in students' alcohol use rates were observed at the end of the first year of the 3 year programme. CONCLUSION: Russian youth, as compared to Americans, began drinking at earlier ages, received fewer prevention messages from their parents, and had fewer prevention programmes in school. The results suggested that carefully implemented and evaluated replications of the US Project Northland interventions might provide effective and appropriate school-based programmes for Russia.

[Chronic tonsillitis: therapeutic and diagnostic approaches]. / Lechebno-diagnosticheskie podkhody k probleme khronicheskogo tonzillita.

The article is a brief review of clinical and topographic anatomy of the palatine tonsils. Their role in formation of general and local immunity is shown. Etiological and pathogenetic aspects of chronic tonsillitis are considered: most frequent causing agents, underlying pathogenetic and immunological mechanisms. B.S. Preobrazhensky's and V.T. Palchun's clinical classification of chronic tonsillitis is presented. New approaches to etiopathogenetic treatment of chronic tonsillitis are described.

[Spontaneous frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Kiev residents]. / Spontanna chastota mikroiader u limfotsytakh periferiinoï krovi zhyteliv Kyieva.

The level of micronuclei in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of Kyiv residents and its dependence on age, sex and smoking status were studied. Analysis of lymphocytes of 102 healthy Kyiv residents showed that the spontaneous frequency of micronuclei in individuals at the age of 21 to 67 (mean age of 42.6) was 10.5 +/- 0.5@1000. The frequency of micronuclei depends on individual age and increases by 3% per year, and also depends on smoking habits (the micronucleus frequency in smokers was 1.3 times higher then nonsmokers). There is no dependence of the micronucleus frequency on the sex of persons.