Perspectives from the 2nd International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium: mobilising advocacy and research for improved outcomes.

In 2020, it was estimated that there were 155 million survivors of TB alive, all at risk of possible post TB disability. The 2nd International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium (Stellenbosch, South Africa) was held to increase global awareness and empower TB-affected communities to play an active role in driving the agenda. We aimed to update knowledge on post-TB life and illness, identify research priorities, build research collaborations and highlight the need to embed lung health outcomes in clinical TB trials and programmatic TB care services. The symposium was a multidisciplinary meeting that included clinicians, researchers, TB survivors, funders and policy makers. Ten academic working groups set their own goals and covered the following thematic areas: 1) patient engagement and perspectives; 2) epidemiology and modelling; 3) pathogenesis of post-TB sequelae; 4) post-TB lung disease; 5) cardiovascular and pulmonary vascular complications; 6) neuromuscular & skeletal complications; 7) paediatric complications; 8) economic-social and psychological (ESP) consequences; 9) prevention, treatment and management; 10) advocacy, policy and stakeholder engagement. The working groups provided important updates for their respective fields, highlighted research priorities, and made progress towards the standardisation and alignment of post-TB outcomes and definitions.

En 2020, il est estimé qu'il y a 155 millions de survivants de la TB dans le monde, tous exposés à un risque d'invalidité post-TB. Le deuxième Symposium International Post-Tuberculose (Stellenbosch, Afrique du Sud) a été organisé dans le but de sensibiliser davantage à l'échelle mondiale et de permettre aux communautés touchées par la TB de contribuer activement à la mise en œuvre de l'agenda. De plus, nous avons entrepris de mettre à jour les connaissances sur la vie et les maladies post-TB, de déterminer les domaines de recherche prioritaires, d'établir des partenariats de recherche et de souligner l'importance d'intégrer les résultats sur la santé pulmonaire dans les essais cliniques et les services de soins de la TB. Le symposium était une réunion de travail pluridisciplinaire rassemblant des praticiens, des chercheurs, des personnes ayant survécu à la TB, des donateurs, des décideurs politiques et d'autres acteurs clés. Dix groupes de travail académiques ont établi leurs propres objectifs et ont abordé les sujets thématiques suivants : 1) engagement et perspectives des patients ; 2) épidémiologie et modélisation ; 3) pathogénie des séquelles post-TB ; 4) maladie pulmonaire post-TB (PTLD, pour l'anglais «post-TB lung disease ¼) ; 5) complications cardiovasculaires et vasculaires pulmonaires ; 6) complications neuromusculaires et squelettiques ; 7) complications pédiatriques ; 8) conséquences économiques, sociales et psychologiques (ESP, pour l'anglais «economic-social and psychological¼) ; 9) prévention, traitement et gestion ; 10) plaidoyer, politique et engagement des parties prenantes. Les groupes de travail académiques ont apporté des mises à jour significatives dans leurs domaines respectifs, ont mis en évidence les priorités de recherche et ont avancé vers la normalisation et l'harmonisation des résultats et des définitions de la post-TB.

Outpatient Follow Up and Reconstructive Surgery Rates in Massive Burn Survivors: Investigating the Social Determinants.

Burn care continues to improve and larger total body surface area (TBSA) burn survival is increasing. These survivors require more extensive care than smaller burns and are at higher risk for wound/scar related complications. Prior work has shown low rates of follow up for burn survivors linked to socioeconomic factors such as housing insecurity and substance use. There are limited studies that evaluate socioeconomic factors that contribute to follow up and reconstructive surgery rates in massively burned patients. Patients that survived to discharge with >50% TBSA burns and planned return to treating institution were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the data collected. Sixty-Five patients were included with an average TBSA of 63.1%. Fifty-three patients (81.5%) attended at least one follow up appointment with median of four follow-up appointments. Younger patients (33±9 vs 44±11; p=0.0006), patients with larger TBSA burns (65±13 vs 55±5%; p=0.02), those with private insurance and those without housing insecurity (1.8% vs 45.4%; p=0.003) were more likely to follow up. On multivariate regression analysis, patients with housing insecurity were independently associated with lack of follow up (OR: 0.009 CI: 0.00001-0.57). Thirty-five patients had at least one reconstructive surgery and 31 patients had reconstructive surgery after discharge. No patients with housing insecurity underwent reconstructive surgery. Follow up rates in massive burns were higher than reported for smaller TBSA burns and more than half received reconstructive surgery. Housing insecure patients should be targeted for improved follow up and access to reconstructive surgery.

Post-TB health and wellbeing.

TB affects around 10.6 million people each year and there are now around 155 million TB survivors. TB and its treatments can lead to permanently impaired health and wellbeing. In 2019, representatives of TB affected communities attending the '1st International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium´ called for the development of clinical guidance on these issues. This clinical statement on post-TB health and wellbeing responds to this call and builds on the work of the symposium, which brought together TB survivors, healthcare professionals and researchers. Our document offers expert opinion and, where possible, evidence-based guidance to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and management of post-TB conditions and research in this field. It covers all aspects of post-TB, including economic, social and psychological wellbeing, post TB lung disease (PTLD), cardiovascular and pericardial disease, neurological disability, effects in adolescents and children, and future research needs.

Massive Burn Injuries: Characteristics and Outcomes From a Single Institution.

Massive burn injuries are a unique patient population with unique treatment paradigms. Data from 155 adult patients, admitted from 2009 to 2019, with >50% total body surface area burns (TBSA) were collected and analyzed. Average burn size was 70% TBSA and 63% had a concomitant inhalation injury. Approximately 30% of patients (46/155) transitioned to comfort care-only measures within 24 hours of admission. Standard treatment patients were younger (37 ± 13 vs 60 ± 19 years; p < .00001), male (94% vs 28%; p = .001) and had smaller TBSA (66 ± 13 vs 80 ± 16; p < .00001). Of the standard treatment group, 72 (66%) survived to discharge. Survivors had smaller TBSA (64 ± 13 vs 71 ± 13; p = .003), less third-degree TBSA (48 ± 25 vs 71 ± 13; p = .003) and lower incidence of renal failure requiring dialysis (22% vs 73%, p < .00001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age (OR 1.05; p = .025), total TBSA (OR 1.07; p = .005), and renal failure (OR 10.2; p = .00005) were independently associated with mortality. Inhalation injury was not significantly associated with mortality. About 23% (35/155) of patients had a psychiatric condition on admission and 19% (30/155) of patients were burned attempting suicide. Patients with psychiatric conditions spent more time in the hospital (62 vs 30 days; p = .004), more time on ventilator (31 vs 12 days; p = .046), underwent more surgery (4 vs 2 operations, p = .03), and were less likely to die (34% vs 59%; p = .02). In summary, age, burn size, and renal failure were independently associated with mortality, with renal failure being the strongest factor. Psychiatric conditions are prevalent pre-injury and tend to require more inpatient care.

A scoping review of interventions to mitigate common non-communicable diseases among people with TB.

BACKGROUND: Recommendations have been made to integrate screening for common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) within TB programs. However, we must ensure screening is tied to evidence-based interventions before scale-up. We aimed to map the existing evidence regarding interventions that address NCDs that most commonly affect people with TB.METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase for studies that evaluated interventions to mitigate respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, alcohol and substance use disorder, and mental health disorders among people with TB. We excluded studies that only screened for comorbidity but resulted in no further intervention. We also excluded studies focusing on smoking cessation interventions for which evidence-based guidelines are well established.RESULTS: The search identified 20 studies that met our inclusion criteria. The most commonly evaluated intervention was referral for diabetes care (6 studies). Other interventions included pulmonary rehabilitation (5 studies), care programs for alcohol use disorder (4 studies), and psychosocial support or individual counselling (5 studies).CONCLUSION: There is limited robust evidence to support identified interventions in changing individual outcomes, and a significant knowledge gap remains on the long-term durability of the interventions´ clinical benefit, reach, and effectiveness. Implementation research demonstrating feasibility and effectiveness is needed before scaling up.

Association of Patient Reported Global Health Measures with Frailty Scores in Acutely Injured Older Adults.

PURPOSE: The older population is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injury. Frailty scores, used to estimate the physiologic status of an individual, are key to identifying those most at risk for injury. Global health measures such as the Veterans RAND 12 Item Health Survey (VR-12) are quality of life measures that assess older adults' overall perception of their health and may serve as a useful adjunct when predicting frailty. Herein, we evaluated whether components of the VR-12 correlated with worse frailty scores over time. METHODS: Older adults (≥65) admitted to burn, trauma, or emergency general surgery services were prospectively enrolled. Demographics, frailty determined using the Trauma Specific Frailty Index (TSFI), and VR-12 surveys were collected at enrollment and 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-ups. A physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) was produced by VR-12 surveys for comparison purposes. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, of which 8 died. No significant changes in PCS (p = 0.25) and MCS (p = 0.56) were observed over time. PCS (p = 0.97) and MCS (p = 0.78) at enrollment did not predict mortality. PCS (OR = 0.894 [0.84-0.95], p = 0.0004) and age (OR = 1.113 [1.012-1.223], p = 0.03) independently predicted enrollment frailty. CONCLUSION: These global measures of health could be utilized in lieu or in addition to frailty scores when assessing patients in the setting of acute injury. Studies are warranted to confirm this association.

Resource implications of the latent tuberculosis cascade of care: a time and motion study in five countries.

BACKGROUND: The End TB Strategy calls for global scale-up of preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but little information is available about the associated human resource requirements. Our study aimed to quantify the healthcare worker (HCW) time needed to perform the tasks associated with each step along the LTBI cascade of care for household contacts of TB patients. METHODS: We conducted a time and motion (TAM) study between January 2018 and March 2019, in which consenting HCWs were observed throughout a typical workday. The precise time spent was recorded in pre-specified categories of work activities for each step along the cascade. A linear mixed model was fit to estimate the time at each step. RESULTS: A total of 173 HCWs in Benin, Canada, Ghana, Indonesia, and Vietnam participated. The greatest amount of time was spent for the medical evaluation (median: 11 min; IQR: 6-16), while the least time was spent on reading a tuberculin skin test (TST) (median: 4 min; IQR: 2-9). The greatest variability was seen in the time spent for each medical evaluation, while TST placement and reading showed the least variability. The total time required to complete all steps along the LTBI cascade, from identification of household contacts (HHC) through to treatment initiation ranged from 1.8 h per index TB patient in Vietnam to 5.2 h in Ghana. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the time requirements are very modest to perform each step in the latent TB cascade of care, but to achieve full identification and management of all household contacts will require additional human resources in many settings.

Scoring of sweat losses in exercised horses--a pilot study.

Based on a series of exercise tests which included the estimation of sweat losses, this article proposes a novel sweat scoring system for exercising horses. This provides a practical estimate of individual animal exercise-induced sweat losses, based on visible appearance of sweat on the coat after work, which takes into account the effect of various influencing factors. In terms of accuracy and flexibility, the score seems to provide advantages over estimates based on current general recommendations from reference books. Additional studies are needed to validate this scoring system and its use under more diverse situations.

[Prevention and epidemiology of trichomonal vaginitis in women treated in gynecological departments]. / Profilaktyka i epidemiologia rzesistkowicy pochwy kobiet leczonych w oddzialach ginekologicznych.

The purpose of the work is to present the results of prophylactic actions used in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Medical Academy in Bia l ystok giving reasons for changes and modifications concerning the present state of procedures. At the same time, attention has been paid to some epidemiological factors of trichomoniasis in women treated in gynecological departments for various diseases of the female genital organ. Women treated in the Departments of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1974-1975 were included in these studies. Total number of the investigated women was 9000 but those with trichomoniasis were 610. There were presented the results of procedures at the admittance rooms of the Gynecological Departments in which examinations and treatment of trichomoniasis, in reasonable cases, were carried out before admitting the patients to proper gynecological treatment were presented. The whole of the evaluation was based on our own scheme of microbiological procedures.