Sesgos de género en la reumatología española: Percepciones y realidad / Gender biases in Spanish rheumatology: Perception and facts

Objetivo: Identificar percepciones en cuanto a sesgos de género en la reumatología española y cuantificar la implicación de ambos sexos en todos los ámbitos de la especialidad. Métodos: Se envió una encuesta a todos los miembros de la SER, sobre participación y percepción de sesgos y de la propia capacitación y se revisaron los datos reales de participación en órganos directivos, congresos, comités y de los servicios de reumatología españoles en los últimos cinco años. Resultados: La encuesta fue respondida por 95 personas, 4,8% de los miembros de la SER (14 hombres y 81 mujeres). No se detectaron diferencias por sexo en edad, nivel académico, puesto, centro de trabajo, reparto de tareas laborales y del ámbito familiar; tampoco en las invitaciones a puestos de poder en los cinco últimos años, ni en la percepción de capacidad para ocupar los distintos puestos de poder. Los hombres encuestados consideran con mayor frecuencia que actividades como la participación en un comité científico o dar una ponencia no dan poder. Un tercio de los participantes de ambos sexos considera que la SER debería revisar sus procesos con perspectiva de género y menos de un tercio cree que debe hacerse por cuotas. Tras revisar los datos de 2015 a 2020, los ratios hombre a mujer en las principales actividades de liderazgo en reumatología en España son: 1) juntas directivas de la SER 3:2 sin presidenta ni tesorera; 2) comités científicos de los congresos 2:1; 3) ponentes y moderadores: simposios satélites, 4:1; 4) editores jefes de revistas científicas 9:1; 5) puestos académicos global 1,7:1, catedráticos 9:1, profesores titulares 100% hombres y 6) jefes de servicio: 75% son hombres a pesar de representar 40% de reumatólogos en España. Conclusión: A pesar de un creciente número de mujeres en la reumatología española, estas no están suficientemente representadas en puestos de liderazgo, existiendo un sesgo de género no percibido.(AU)

Objective: To identify perceptions of gender bias in Spanish rheumatology and to quantify the involvement of both sexes in all areas of the specialty. Methods: A survey was sent to all members of the SER on participation and perception of biases and of their own competencies, and actual data on participation in governing bodies, congresses, committees, and Spanish rheumatology departments in the last 5 years were reviewed. Results: The survey was answered by 95 rheumatologist, 4.8% of SER members (14 men and 81 women), both groups being similar in terms of age, academic level, and position and work centre. No differences were detected in the distribution of work and non-work tasks between sexes, nor in invitations to positions of power in the last five years, nor in the perception of capacity to occupy the different positions of power, which was high for both sexes. Male respondents more frequently consider that activities such as participating in a scientific committee or giving a conference are not empowering. A third of both sexes consider that the SER should review its processes with a gender perspective but less than a third believe that this should be done by quotas. The reality of the last 5 years is that 1) there is a male to female ratio of 3:2 on SER boards of directors and in this period there has been no female president or treasurer; 2) in the scientific committees of the congresses men predominate (2:1) although slightly less in the local organizing committee; 3) there are more male speakers and moderators than women (very striking in satellite symposia, 4: 1); 4) 9 out of 10 editors-in-chief are men; 5) in academic positions there are 3 men for every 2 women, 9 to 1 in professorships or emeritus positions; although more women supervise residents; and 6) there are more women (60%) than men (40%) in Spanish rheumatology departments, although 75% of department chiefs are men. Conclusion: Although not perceived by either the men or the women...(AU)

Gender biases in Spanish rheumatology: Perception and facts.

OBJECTIVE: To identify perceptions of gender bias in Spanish rheumatology and to quantify the involvement of both sexes in all areas of the specialty. METHODS: A survey was sent to all members of the SER on participation and perception of biases and of their own competencies, and actual data on participation in governing bodies, congresses, committees, and Spanish rheumatology departments in the last 5 years were reviewed. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 95 rheumatologists, 4.8% of SER members (14 men and 81 women), both groups being similar in terms of age, academic level, and position and work centre. No differences were detected in the distribution of work and non-work tasks between sexes, nor in invitations to positions of power in the last five years, nor in the perception of capacity to occupy the different positions of power, which was high for both sexes. Male respondents more frequently consider that activities such as participating in a scientific committee or giving a conference are not empowering. A third of both sexes consider that the SER should review its processes with a gender perspective but less than a third believe that this should be done by quotas. The reality of the last 5 years is that 1) there is a male to female ratio of 3:2 on SER boards of directors and in this period there has been no female president or treasurer; 2) in the scientific committees of the congresses men predominate (2:1) although slightly less in the local organizing committee; 3) there are more male speakers and moderators than women (very striking in satellite symposia, 4: 1); 4) 9 out of 10 editors-in-chief are men; 5) in academic positions there are 3 men for every 2 women, 9 to 1 in professorships or emeritus positions; although more women supervise residents; and 6) there are more women (60%) than men (40%) in Spanish rheumatology departments, although 75% of department chiefs are men. CONCLUSION: Although not perceived by either the men or the women, there are biases in the involvement of women in important and leadership positions in the specialty.

Inmune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases in transgender people: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: In immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IMIRD), there are differences between cis-men and cis-women in epidemiology, clinical feature, therapeutic approach, treatment response, and prognosis. In transgender individuals, information concerning IMIRD is not substantial. The assessment of information concerning rheumatic diseases in transgenders is crucial because transgenders may undergo treatments with potential impacts on IMIRD. We aim to collect and discuss current knowledge on IMIRD in transgender individuals, determine the coverage of the literature, identify the knowledge gaps, and highlight opportunities for future research. METHODS: We did a scoping review of publications collected through a systematic search of transgender patients with any IMIRD. Data sources were Medline, Embase, and Web of Knowledge. Synthesis of results and qualitative review of data information was collected in tables. A semi-quantification of the quality of the articles reporting clinical studies was performed. RESULTS: There were 11 transwoman, and 3 transmen cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (5 cases), skin lupus erythematosus (2), systemic sclerosis (4), anti-synthetase syndrome (1), rheumatoid arthritis (1) and ankylosing spondylitis (1). Eleven were de novo cases and three had prior history of IMIRD and developed a comorbidity after starting hormone replacement therapy. The clinical expression of the disease was variable. Two transwomen and one transman developed thrombotic events. The lupus skin lesions in one transman improved following testosterone treatment. No clinical studies were identified. Quality of publications was disparate. CONCLUSION: Although the number of cases is small, most cases of IMIRD occur in transwomen. The absence of solid data warrants caution in establishing recommendations regarding hormone replacement therapy in transgenders with IMIRD. There is an essential need for the consideration of cisgender and transgender particularities in future research on IMIRD.

Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on sexuality: adaptation and validation of the Qualisex questionnaire for use in Spain.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a significantly increased risk of sexual dysfunction. However, it is not properly included in commonly used questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life in RA. Qualisex is a questionnaire developed in France to assess the impact of RA on patients´ sexual function. Our aim was to adapt and validate this questionnaire for use with Spanish RA patients. Two independent translations and a backward translation were obtained. The final version was tested in a pilot study with 10 RA patients to detect any aspects that could hinder interpretation. The validity and reliability of the linguistically validated questionnaire were studied in a multicenter cross-sectional study, with a longitudinal component for reliability estimation. 125 RA patients were included. The response process, discrimination, internal consistency, internal structure, convergent validity (correlation with MGH-SFQ questionnaire, DAS-28, physician global assessment, patient global health assessment, RAID, HAQ, HADS and SF-12©) and reliability were analyzed. The inclusion of two extra items was proposed in the pilot study. The validity analysis detected responses for item 10 that were not coherent with responses for the rest of items. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.971. The highest correlation (0.665) was obtained with MGH-SFQ (questionnaire measuring sexual functioning), followed by RAID (0.516). The intra-class correlation was 0.880 (95% CI 0.815; 0.923), higher than 0.85, which indicates excellent reliability. All parameters used to assess this questionnaire show highly acceptable values. Qualisex allows for a global score of RA patients' sexual functioning and can be self-administered.

Cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular event rates in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology (CARMA) prospective study-results at 5 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To determine cardiovascular (CV) mortality and incidence of the first CV event (CVE) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) after 5 years of follow-up. METHODS: This is an analysis of the CARdiovascular in rheMAatology (CARMA) study after 5 years of follow-up. It includes patients with RA (n = 775), AS (n = 738) and PsA (n = 721), and individuals without CIRD (n = 677) attending outpatient rheumatology clinics from 67 public hospitals in Spain. Descriptive analyses were performed for the CV mortality at 5 years. The Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) function at 5 years was calculated to determine the expected risk of CV mortality. Poisson models were used to estimate the incidence rates of the first CVE. Hazard ratios of the risk factors involved in the development of the first CVE were evaluated using the Weibull proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Overall, 2382 subjects completed the follow-up visit at 5 years. Fifteen patients died due to CVE. CV deaths observed in the CIRD cohort were lower than that predicted by SCORE risk charts. The highest incidence rate of CVE [7.39 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI 4.63, 11.18)] was found in PsA patients. However, after adjusting for age, sex and CV risk factors, AS was the inflammatory disease more commonly associated with CVE at 5 years [hazard ratio 4.60 (P =0.02)], compared with those without CIRD. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular mortality in patients with CIRD at 5 years of follow-up is lower than estimated. Patients with AS have a higher risk of developing a first CVE after 5 years of follow-up.

A patients' view of OA: the Global Osteoarthritis Patient Perception Survey (GOAPPS), a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, osteoarthritis (OA) is the third condition associated with disability. There is still poor treatment in OA but science holds the key to finding better treatments and a cure. It is essential to learn what's important to patients from them to implement the most effective OA management. The OA Patients Task Force, conducted the Global OA Patient Perception Survey (GOAPPS)-the first global survey made by patients to analize the quality of life (QoL) & patient perceptions of care. The goal was to collect data on OA patients' perception of OA to understand patients' needs and expectations to improve OA management. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study by online survey data collection from six countries, translated into three languages. The questionnaire was comprised of 3 sections: patient demographics and clinical symptomology characteristics; relationship with physicians: perception of attention, treatment, and information provided; and OA impact on daily activity and QoL. The results of the survey were evaluated using the Limited Data Set. The survey results were analyzed using descriptive statistics to characterize the patients' answers. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha was calculated to determine internal consistency validity. RESULTS: A total of 1512 surveys were completed in 6 countries. 84.2% of respondents reported pain/tenderness and 91.1% experienced limitations to physical activities. 42.3% of patients were not satisfied with their current OA treatment. 86% had comorbidities, especially hypertension, and obesity. 51.3 and 78% would like access to additional drug or additional non-drug/non-surgical treatments respectively. 48.2% of patients perceived their QoL to be affected by OA. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.61. CONCLUSIONS: OA has a significant impact on patients' daily activities and their desire to play an active role in managing this disease. Patients are seeking additional treatments, especially no pharmacological/no surgical treatments stressing the need for investing in clinical research, implementing OA preventive measures, and managing interventions to improve the healthcare value chain in OA.

Dieta mediterránea y artrosis / Mediterranean diet and osteoarthritis

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Incidence of first cardiovascular event in Spanish patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: prospective data from the CARMA project.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and risk factors of first cardiovascular event (CVE) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD). METHODS: Analysis of data after 2.5 years of follow-up from the prospective study CARMA project, that includes patients with CIRD [rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)] and matched individuals without CIRD from 67 hospitals in Spain. CVE cumulative incidence per 1000 patients was calculated after 2.5 years from the start of the project. Weibull proportional hazard model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the risk factors. RESULTS: 2595 (89.1%) patients completed the 2.5 years of follow-up visit. Cumulative incidence of CVE in patients with CIRD was 15.30 cases per 1000 patients (95% CI: 12.93-17.67), being higher in the subgroup with AS; 22.03 (95% CI: 11.01-33.04). Patients with AS (HR: 4.11; 95% CI: 1.07-15.79), those with older age (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.13), systolic hypertension (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.04) and long duration of the disease (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.12) were at higher risk of first CVE during the 2.5 years of follow-up. In contrast, female gender was a protective factor (HR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.18-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Among CIRD patients prospectively followed-up at rheumatology outpatient clinics, those with AS show higher risk of first CVE. Besides cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, being a man and older as well as having a long disease duration increase the risk of CVE in patients with CIRD.

Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects 240 million people globally. Few studies have examined the links between osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet (MD). The aim of this paper was to systematically review and analyze the epidemiological evidence in humans on the MD and its association with OA. A systematic search of EMBASE identified three studies that explored the association between MD and OA. Two of them were cross-sectional and the third one was a 16-week randomized clinical trial. Prisma declaration was followed to carry out this review. These studies described a positive association between a higher adherence to a MD and the quality of life of participants suffering OA. The prevalence of OA was lower in participants with a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage degradation related to OA were also analyzed and significant differences were detected only for IL1-α, which decreased in the MD group. Exploring the relationship between MD and OA is complex, moreover, the limited evidence and methodological differences in such studies makes it difficult to compare results. In conclusion, the three studies included in this systematic review demonstrated some relation between osteoarthritis and a Mediterranean diet. However, prospective and longer interventions are required to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the Mediterranean diet to improve symptomatology and preventing osteoarthritis.

Sexualidad y enfermedades reumáticas / Sexuality and rheumatic diseases

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El método para establecer el punto de corte en el examen clínico objetivo estructurado define el desempeño de los candidatos a la certificación como reumatólogo / The method used to set the pass mark in an objective structured clinical examination defines the performance of candidates for certification as rheumatologists

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Artrosis. Su turno / Osteoarthritis. Your turn

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Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis on biologic therapy: Results from the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology study project.

BACKGROUND: Plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), a lipoprotein with atherogenic and thrombogenic properties, have a strong genetic basis, although high concentrations of Lp(a) have also been reported in the context of inflammation, as in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Few studies evaluate the impact of biologic therapies (BT) on Lp(a) in RA, taking into account that with these new therapies a better control of inflammation is achieved. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the plasma concentrations of Lp(a) in Spanish RA patients on BT attending rheumatology outpatient clinics. METHODS: Baseline analysis of the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology project, a 10-year prospective study, evaluating the risk of cardiovascular events in RA and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. RA patients were classified according to treatment: no biologic, anti-tumor necrosis factor, anti-interleukin-6 receptor tocilizumab (TCZ), and other biologic (rituximab or abatacept). A model of linear multivariate regression was built in which the dependent variable was Lp(a) concentration and the explanatory variable was BT. The model was adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS: Seven hundred and seventy-five RA patients were analyzed. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in TCZ-treated patients. Nevertheless, no significant difference in the atherogenic index between TCZ-treated patients and patients without BT was found. After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with BT had lower concentrations of Lp(a) than those without BT; however, only TCZ-treated patients achieved statistically significant differences (ß: -0.303, 95% confidence interval: -0.558 to -0.047; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: RA patients treated with TCZ show lower plasma concentrations of Lp(a) compared with patients without BT.

[Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the criteria for indicating a bone densitometry in the evaluation of medical techniques and research in Cataluña]. / Sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo de los criterios de indicación de densitometría ósea de la agencia de evaluación de tecnologías e investigación médicas de cataluña.

UNLABELLED: The Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (AETIM) proposed, in 2001, criteria for performing a bone densitometry (BD) for use in the consultations of the public health system. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the criteria to indicate BD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five groups of volunteers (premenopausal women aged 46 to 65 years, postmenopausal women aged 46 to 65 years, postmenopausal women aged> 65 years and men 46 to 65 years and> 65 years) underwent BD and a questionnaire on risk factors. The results obtained with the AETIM criteria are related to criteria for indication of BD proposed by the World Health Organization (1999 and 2003 criteria), the National Osteoporosis Foundation (1998 amd 2010 criteria) and the International Committee of Clinical Guidelines on Osteoporosis. RESULTS: Criteria from the Catalan Agency have low sensitivity to detect both low bone mass (T index<-1) and osteoporosis (T index<-2.5), specificity varied according to the group. The positive predictive value is low, but the negative predictive value for osteoporosis is high in all groups (except for postmenopausal women aged> 65 years). The remaining criteria have a high negative predictive value and, in women, good sensitivity and low specificity, especially for identifying patients with osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: Catalan Agency criteria are useful for selecting patients who would not need BD, but lack sufficient sensitivity to identify individuals with low bone mass. The other criteria also have a high negative predictive value for osteoporosis, and a better sensitivity.

Sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo de los criterios de indicación de densitometría ósea de la agencia de evaluación de tecnologías e investigación médicas de cataluña / Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the criteria for indicating a bone densitometry in the evaluation of medical techniques and research in cataluña

Objetivo. La Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías e Investigación Médicas (AETIM) de Cataluña propuso en 2001 unos criterios de indicación de densitometría ósea (DO) para su uso en la consultas del sistema sanitario público. El objetivo fue conocer la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de los criterios de indicación de DO de la AETIM. Material y método. Cinco grupos de voluntarios (mujeres premenopáusicas de 46 a 65 años, posmenopáusicas de 46 a 65 años y posmenopáusicas de > 65 años, y varones de 46 a 65 años y de > 65 años) a los que se realizó DO y una encuesta sobre factores de riesgo. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el VPP y el VPN de los criterios de la AETIM, y los resultados se compararon con los criterios de indicación de DO propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (en 1999 y 2003), la National Osteoporosis Foundation (en 1998 y 2010) y el Comité Internacional de Guías Clínicas en Osteoporosis. Resultados. Los criterios de la AETIM tienen una baja sensibilidad tanto para detectar baja masa ósea (índice T<−1) como osteoporosis (índice T<−2,5); la especificidad varía según el grupo. El VPP es bajo, pero el VPN para osteoporosis es alto en todos los grupos (excepto el de mujeres posmenopáusicas > 65 años). El resto de los criterios tienen un VPN alto y, en mujeres, buena sensibilidad y muy baja especificidad, especialmente para identificar pacientes con osteoporosis. Conclusiones. Los criterios de la AETIM son útiles para seleccionar pacientes a los que no sería necesario realizar una DO, pero carecen de sensibilidad suficiente para identificar individuos con baja masa ósea. El resto de criterios tienen también un VPN alto para osteoporosis y una sensibilidad algo mejor (AU)

The Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (AETIM) proposed, in 2001, criteria for performing a bone densitometry (BD) for use in the consultations of the public health system. Objective. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the criteria to indicate BD. Material and methods. Five groups of volunteers (premenopausal women aged 46 to 65 years, postmenopausal women aged 46 to 65 years, postmenopausal women aged> 65 years and men 46 to 65 years and> 65 years) underwent BD and a questionnaire on risk factors. The results obtained with the AETIM criteria are related to criteria for indication of BD proposed by the World Health Organization (1999 and 2003 criteria), the National Osteoporosis Foundation (1998 amd 2010 criteria) and the International Committee of Clinical Guidelines on Osteoporosis. Results. Criteria from the Catalan Agency have low sensitivity to detect both low bone mass (T index<−1) and osteoporosis (T index<−2.5), specificity varied according to the group. The positive predictive value is low, but the negative predictive value for osteoporosis is high in all groups (except for postmenopausal women aged> 65 years). The remaining criteria have a high negative predictive value and, in women, good sensitivity and low specificity, especially for identifying patients with osteoporosis. Conclusion. Catalan Agency criteria are useful for selecting patients who would not need BD, but lack sufficient sensitivity to identify individuals with low bone mass. The other criteria also have a high negative predictive value for osteoporosis, and a better sensitivity (AU)

Osteopoiquilosis: a propósito de un caso / No disponible

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