Analysis of convolutional neural networks for fronto-temporal dementia biomarker discovery.

PURPOSE: Frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTD) results from the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. It can manifest in several different ways, leading to the definition of variants characterised by their distinctive symptomatologies. As these variants are detected based on their symptoms, it can be unclear if they represent different types of FTD or different symptomatological axes. The goal of this paper is to investigate this question with a constrained cohort of FTD patients in order to see if the heterogeneity within this cohort can be inferred from medical images rather than symptom severity measurements. METHODS: An ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is used to classify diffusion tensor images collected from two databases consisting of 72 patients with behavioural variant FTD and 120 healthy controls. FTD biomarkers were found using voxel-based analysis on the sensitivities of these CNNs. Sparse principal components analysis (sPCA) is then applied on the sensitivities arising from the patient cohort in order to identify the axes along which the patients express these biomarkers. Finally, this is correlated with their symptom severity measurements in order to interpret the clinical presentation of each axis. RESULTS: The CNNs result in sensitivities and specificities between 83 and 92%. As expected, our analysis determines that all the robust biomarkers arise from the frontal and temporal lobes. sPCA identified four axes in terms of biomarker expression which are correlated with symptom severity measurements. CONCLUSION: Our analysis confirms that behavioural variant FTD is not a singular type or spectrum of FTD, but rather that it has multiple symptomatological axes that relate to distinct regions of the frontal and temporal lobes. This analysis suggests that medical images can be used to understand the heterogeneity of FTD patients and the underlying anatomical changes that lead to their different clinical presentations.

Application of digital twins for simulation based tailoring of laser induced graphene.

In the era of man-machine interfaces, digital twins stand as a key technology, offering virtual representations of real-world objects, processes, and systems through computational models. They enable novel ways of interacting with, comprehending, and manipulating real-world entities within a virtual realm. The real implementation of graphene-based sensors and electronic devices remains challenging due to the integration complexities of high-quality graphene materials with existing manufacturing processes. To address this, scalable techniques for the in-situ fabrication of graphene-like materials are essential. One promising method involves using a CO2 laser to convert polyimide into graphene. Optimizing this graphitization process is hindered by complex parameter interactions and nonlinear terms. This article explores how these digital replicas can enhance the fabrication of laser-induced graphene (LIG) through laser simulation and machine learning methods to enable rapid single-step LIG patterning. This approach aims to create a universal simulation for all CO2 lasers, calculating optical energy flux and utilizing machine learning to control and predict LIG conductivity (ability to conduct current), morphology, and electrical resistance. The proposed procedure, integrating digital twins in the LIG production process, will avoid or reduce the preliminary tests required to determine the proper laser parameters to reach the desired LIG characteristics. Accordingly, this approach will reduce the time and costs associated with these tests and thus increase the efficiency and optimize the procedure.

Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of GelMA Hydrogels with Culture Medium: Balancing Printability, Rheology and Cell Viability for Tissue Regeneration.

Three-dimensional extrusion bioprinting technology aims to become a fundamental tool for tissue regeneration using cell-loaded hydrogels. These biomaterials must have highly specific mechanical and biological properties that allow them to generate biosimilar structures by successive layering of material while maintaining cell viability. The rheological properties of hydrogels used as bioinks are critical to their printability. Correct printability of hydrogels allows the replication of biomimetic structures, which are of great use in medicine, tissue engineering and other fields of study that require the three-dimensional replication of different tissues. When bioprinting cell-loaded hydrogels, a small amount of culture medium can be added to ensure adequate survival, which can modify the rheological properties of the hydrogels. GelMA is a hydrogel used in bioprinting, with very interesting properties and rheological parameters that have been studied and defined for its basic formulation. However, the changes that occur in its rheological parameters and therefore in its printability, when it is mixed with the culture medium necessary to house the cells inside, are unknown. Therefore, in this work, a comparative study of GelMA 100% and GelMA in the proportions 3:1 (GelMA 75%) and 1:1 (GelMA 50%) with culture medium was carried out to determine the printability of the gel (using a device of our own invention), its main rheological parameters and its toxicity after the addition of the medium and to observe whether significant differences in cell viability occur. This raises the possibility of its use in regenerative medicine using a 3D extrusion bioprinter.

ZnO Decorated Graphene-Based NFC Tag for Personal NO2 Exposure Monitoring during a Workday.

This paper presents the integration of a sensing layer over interdigitated electrodes and an electronic circuit on the same flexible printed circuit board. This integration provides an effective technique to use this design as a wearable gas measuring system in a target application, exhibiting high performance, low power consumption, and being lightweight for on-site monitoring. The wearable system proves the concept of using an NFC tag combined with a chemoresistive gas sensor as a cumulative gas sensor, having the possibility of holding the data for a working day, and completely capturing the exposure of a person to NO2 concentrations. Three different types of sensors were tested, depositing the sensing layers on gold electrodes over Kapton substrate: bare graphene, graphene decorated with 5 wt.% zinc oxide nanoflowers, or nanopillars. The deposited layers were characterized using FESEM, EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy to determine their crystalline structure, morphological and chemical compositions. The gas sensing performance of the sensors was analyzed against NO2 (dry and humid conditions) and other interfering species (dry conditions) to check their sensitivity and selectivity. The resultant-built wearable NFC tag system accumulates the data in a non-volatile memory every minute and has an average low power consumption of 24.9 µW in dynamic operation. Also, it can be easily attached to a work vest.

Synergism Between Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Neurons in Metabolic Control.

Astrocytes are no longer considered as passive support cells. In the hypothalamus, these glial cells actively participate in the control of appetite, energy expenditure, and the processes leading to obesity and its secondary complications. Here we briefly review studies supporting this conclusion and the advances made in understanding the underlying mechanisms.

Spanish and cross-cultural validation of the mind excessively wandering scale.

Introduction: Over the last decade, excessive spontaneous mind wandering (MW) has been consistently associated with emotional disorders. The main aims of the present study were (1) to re-examine the factor structure of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS); (2) to validate the Spanish version of the MEWS; and (3) to conduct a cross-cultural validation of the MEWS in Spanish and UK samples. Methods: A forward/backward translation to Spanish was conducted. Data of 391 Spanish and 713 British non-clinical individuals were analysed. Results: A revised 10-item version of the MEWS (MEWS-v2.0) demonstrated to be a valid instrument to assess MW. A 2-correlated factor structure properly captured the MEWS-v2.0 variance, accounting for two specific but interrelated dimensions (Uncontrolled thoughts and Mental Overactivity). Discussion: The Spanish MEWS-v2.0 showed adequate internal consistency and construct validity, as well as appropriate convergent/divergent validity. Cross-cultural analyses showed that MEWS-v2.0 captured the same construct in both UK and Spanish samples. In conclusion, both Spanish and English MEWS-v2.0 demonstrated to be reliable measures to capture spontaneous MW phenomenon in non-clinical adult populations.

Evolution of bioprinting and current applications.

Bioprinting is a very useful tool that has a huge application potential in different fields of science and biotechnology. In medicine, advances in bioprinting are focused on the printing of cells and tissues for skin regeneration and the manufacture of viable human organs, such as hearts, kidneys, and bones. This review provides a chronological overview of some of the most relevant developments of bioprinting technique and its current status. A search was carried out in SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, and a total of 31,603 papers were found, of which 122 were finally chosen for analysis. These articles cover the most important advances in this technique at the medical level, its applications, and current possibilities. Finally, the paper ends with conclusions about the use of bioprinting and our expectations of this technique. This paper presents a review on the tremendous progress of bioprinting from 1998 to the present day, with many promising results indicating that our society is getting closer to achieving the total reconstruction of damaged tissues and organs and thus solving many healthcare-related problems, including the shortage of organ and tissue donors.

Fabrication and characterisation of bioglass and hydroxyapatite-filled scaffolds.

Tissue engineering is a continuously evolving field. One of the main lines of research in this field focuses on the replacement of bone defects with materials designed to interact with the cells of a living organism in order to provide the body with a structure on which new tissues can easily grow. Among the most commonly used materials are bioglasses, which are frequently used due to their versatility and good properties. This article discusses the results of the production of an injectable paste of Bioglass® 45S5 and hydroxyapatite on a 3D printed porous structure by additive manufacturing, using a thermoplastic (PLA). The results were evaluated in a specific application of the paste, so the mechanical and bioactive properties were studied to show the multiple possibilities of using this combination for its application in regenerative medicine and more specifically in bone implants.

Comparison of the potential for bioprinting of different 3D printing technologies.

26Additive manufacturing technologies offer a multitude of medical applications due to the advances in the development of the materials used to reproduce customized model products. The main problem with these technologies is obtaining the correct cell viability values, and it is where three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting emerges as a very interesting tool that should be studied extensively, as it has significant disadvantages with respect to printability. In this work, the comparison of 3D bioprinting technology in hydrogels and thermoplastics for the development of biomimetic parts is proposed. To this end, the study of the printability of different materials widely used in the literature is proposed, to subsequently test and analyze the parameters that indicate whether these materials could be used to obtain a biomimetic structure with structural guarantees. In order to analyze the materials studied, different tools have been designed to facilitate the quantitative characterization of their printability using 3D printing. For this purpose, different structures have been developed and a characterization methodology has been followed to quantify the printability value of each material in each test to subsequently discard the materials that do not obtain a minimum value in the result. After the study, it was found that only gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) 5% could generate biomimetic structures faithful to the designed 3D model. Furthermore, by comparing the printing results of the different materials used in 3D bioprinting and consequently establishing the approach of different strategies, it is shown that hydrogels need to be further developed to match the results achieved by thermoplastic materials used for bioprinting.

Methodology for characterizing the printability of hydrogels.

280Currently, the characterization techniques for hydrogels used in bioprinting are extensive, and they could provide data on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of hydrogels. While characterizing the hydrogels, the analysis of their printing properties is of great importance in the determination of their potential for bioprinting. The study of printing properties provides data on their capacity to reproduce biomimetic structures and maintain their integrity after the process, as it also relates them to the possible cell viability after the generation of the structures. Current hydrogel characterization techniques require expensive measuring instrument that is not readily available in many research groups. Therefore, it would be interesting to propose a methodology to characterize and compare the printability of different hydrogels in a fast, simple, reliable, and inexpensive way. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology for extrusion-based bioprinters that allows determining the printability of hydrogels that are going to be loaded with cells, by analyzing cell viability with the sessile drop method, molecular cohesion with the filament collapse test, adequate gelation with the quantitative evaluation of the gelation state, and printing precision with the printing grid test. The data obtained after performing this work allow the comparison of different hydrogels or different concentrations of the same hydrogel to determine which one has the most favorable properties to carry out bioprinting studies.

Immunity and COVID-19 vaccines. Revisiting the bases.

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the challenges of the 21st century; science and technology were put to the test for the development vaccines, diagnostic techniques and treatments in record time. However, misinformation and misinterpretation have made the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines a subject of debate. This review addresses concepts on immunization mechanisms and vaccination, as well as evidence supporting that COVID-19 vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious and safe.

La pandemia de COVID-19 es uno de los retos del siglo XXI; la ciencia y la tecnología se pusieron a prueba para desarrollar vacunas, técnicas diagnósticas y tratamientos en tiempo récord. No obstante, la desinformación y mala interpretación han hecho que la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas contra COVID-19 sean un tema de debate. En esta revisión se abordan conceptos sobre los mecanismos de la inmunización y la vacunación; así como la evidencia que sostiene que las vacunas contra COVID-19 son inmunogénicas, eficaces y seguras.

Inmunidad y vacunas contra la COVID-19. Revisando las bases / Immunity and COVID-19 vaccines. Revisiting the bases

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 es uno de los retos del siglo XXI; la ciencia y la tecnología se pusieron a prueba para desarrollar vacunas, técnicas diagnósticas y tratamientos en tiempo récord. No obstante, la desinformación y mala interpretación han hecho que la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas contra COVID-19 sean un tema de debate. En esta revisión se abordan conceptos sobre los mecanismos de la inmunización y la vacunación; así como la evidencia que sostiene que las vacunas contra COVID-19 son inmunogénicas, eficaces y seguras.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the challenges of the 21st century; science and technology were put to the test for the development vaccines, diagnostic techniques and treatments in record time. However, misinformation and misinterpretation have made the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines a subject of debate. This review addresses concepts on immunization mechanisms and vaccination, as well as evidence supporting that COVID-19 vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious and safe.

Voxel-based diktiometry: Combining convolutional neural networks with voxel-based analysis and its application in diffusion tensor imaging for Parkinson's disease.

Extracting population-wise information from medical images, specifically in the neurological domain, is crucial to better understanding disease processes and progression. This is frequently done in a whole-brain voxel-wise manner, in which a population of patients and healthy controls are registered to a common co-ordinate space and a statistical test is performed on the distribution of image intensities for each location. Although this method has yielded a number of scientific insights, it is further from clinical applicability as the differences are often small and altogether do not permit for a high-performing classifier. In this article, we take the opposite approach of using a high-performing classifier, specifically a traditional convolutional neural network, and then extracting insights from it which can be applied in a population-wise manner, a method we call voxel-based diktiometry. We have applied this method to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis for Parkinson's disease (PD), using the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. By using the network sensitivity information, we can decompose what elements of the DTI contribute the most to the network's performance, drawing conclusions about diffusion biomarkers for PD that are based on metrics which are not readily expressed in the voxel-wise approach.

An ecological approach to identify distinct neural correlates of disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia.

Disinhibition is a core symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly frontotemporal dementia, and is a major cause of stress for caregivers. While a distinction between behavioural and cognitive disinhibition is common, an operational definition of behavioural disinhibition is still missing. Furthermore, conventional assessment of behavioural disinhibition, based on questionnaires completed by the caregivers, often lacks ecological validity. Therefore, their neuroanatomical correlates are non-univocal. In the present work, we used an original behavioural approach in a semi-ecological situation to assess two specific dimensions of behavioural disinhibition: compulsivity and social disinhibition. First, we investigated disinhibition profile in patients compared to controls. Then, to validate our approach, compulsivity and social disinhibition scores were correlated with classic cognitive tests measuring disinhibition (Hayling Test) and social cognition (mini-Social cognition & Emotional Assessment). Finally, we disentangled the anatomical networks underlying these two subtypes of behavioural disinhibition, taking in account the grey (voxel-based morphometry) and white matter (diffusion tensor imaging tractography). We included 17 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia patients and 18 healthy controls. We identified patients as more compulsive and socially disinhibited than controls. We found that behavioural metrics in the semi-ecological task were related to cognitive performance: compulsivity correlated with the Hayling test and both compulsivity and social disinhibition were associated with the emotion recognition test. Based on voxel-based morphometry and tractography, compulsivity correlated with atrophy in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, the right temporal region and subcortical structures, as well as with alterations of the bilateral cingulum and uncinate fasciculus, the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the right arcuate fasciculus. Thus, the network of regions related to compulsivity matched the "semantic appraisal" network. Social disinhibition was associated with bilateral frontal atrophy and impairments in the forceps minor, the bilateral cingulum and the left uncinate fasciculus, regions corresponding to the frontal component of the "salience" network. Summarizing, this study validates our semi-ecological approach, through the identification of two subtypes of behavioural disinhibition, and highlights different neural networks underlying compulsivity and social disinhibition. Taken together, these findings are promising for clinical practice by providing a better characterisation of inhibition disorders, promoting their detection and consequently a more adapted management of patients.

Age- and Sex-Matched Normal Leukocyte Subset Ranges in the General Population Defined with the EuroFlow Lymphocyte Screening Tube (LST) for Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis (MBL) vs. Non-MBL Subjects.

Reference ranges of blood-circulating leukocyte populations by, e.g., age and sex, are required for monitoring immune-cell kinetics. Most previous reports in which flow cytometry has been used to define the reference ranges for leukocyte counts included a limited number of donors and/or cell populations and/or did not consider age and sex simultaneously. Moreover, other factors not previously considered in the definition of normal ranges, such as the presence of chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia (CLL)-like low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBLlo), might also be associated with an altered distribution of leukocytes in blood in association with an immunodeficiency and increased risk of infection and cancer. Here, we established reference cell-count ranges for the major populations of leukocytes in blood of non-MBL and MBLlo adult Caucasians matched by age and sex using the EuroFlow Lymphocyte Screening Tube (LST). A total of 706 Caucasian adult donors­622 non-MBL and 84 MBLlo­were recruited from the general population. Among non-MBL donors, the total leukocyte, neutrophil, basophil dendritic cell and monocyte counts remained stable through adulthood, while the absolute numbers of T- and B-cell populations and plasma cells decreased with age. The number of eosinophils and NK-cell increased over time, with clear differences according to sex for certain age ranges. In MBLlo subjects, few differences in the absolute cell counts by age (vs. non-MBL) were observed, and MBLlo men and women showed similar trends to non-MBL subjects except for the B-cell count drop observed in >70 y-men, which was more pronounced in MBLlo vs. non-MBL controls. Building robust age- and sex-matched reference ranges for the most relevant immune-cell populations in the blood of non-MBL donors is essential to appropriately identify an altered immune status in different clinical settings and highlight the altered immune-cell profiles of MBLlo subjects.

On the Use of Pulsed UV or Visible Light Activated Gas Sensing of Reducing and Oxidising Species with WO3 and WS2 Nanomaterials.

This paper presents a methodology to quantify oxidizing and reducing gases using n-type and p-type chemiresistive sensors, respectively. Low temperature sensor heating with pulsed UV or visible light modulation is used together with the application of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract sensor response features. These features are further processed via principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component regression (PCR) for achieving gas discrimination and building concentration prediction models with R2 values up to 98% and RMSE values as low as 5% for the total gas concentration range studied. UV and visible light were used to study the influence of the light wavelength in the prediction model performance. We demonstrate that n-type and p-type sensors need to be used together for achieving good quantification of oxidizing and reducing species, respectively, since the semiconductor type defines the prediction model's effectiveness towards an oxidizing or reducing gas. The presented method reduces considerably the total time needed to quantify the gas concentration compared with the results obtained in a previous work. The use of visible light LEDs for performing pulsed light modulation enhances system performance and considerably reduces cost in comparison to previously reported UV light-based approaches.

Variable coastal hypoxia exposure and drivers across the southern California Current.

Declining oxygen is one of the most drastic changes in the ocean, and this trend is expected to worsen under future climate change scenarios. Spatial variability in dissolved oxygen dynamics and hypoxia exposures can drive differences in vulnerabilities of coastal ecosystems and resources, but documentation of variability at regional scales is rare in open-coast systems. Using a regional collaborative network of dissolved oxygen and temperature sensors maintained by scientists and fishing cooperatives from California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, we characterize spatial and temporal variability in dissolved oxygen and seawater temperature dynamics in kelp forest ecosystems across 13° of latitude in the productive California Current upwelling system. We find distinct latitudinal patterns of hypoxia exposure and evidence for upwelling and respiration as regional drivers of oxygen dynamics, as well as more localized effects. This regional and small-scale spatial variability in dissolved oxygen dynamics supports the use of adaptive management at local scales, and highlights the value of collaborative, large-scale coastal monitoring networks for informing effective adaptation strategies for coastal communities and fisheries in a changing climate.

Monocyte Subsets and Serum Inflammatory and Bone-Associated Markers in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Monocyte/macrophages have been shown to be altered in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering (SMM) and active multiple myeloma (MM), with an impact on the disruption of the homeostasis of the normal bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. METHODS: We investigated the distribution of different subsets of monocytes (Mo) in blood and BM of newly-diagnosed untreated MGUS (n = 23), SMM (n = 14) and MM (n = 99) patients vs. healthy donors (HD; n = 107), in parallel to a large panel of cytokines and bone-associated serum biomarkers. RESULTS: Our results showed normal production of monocyte precursors and classical Mo (cMo) in MGUS, while decreased in SMM and MM (p ≤ 0.02), in association with lower blood counts of recently-produced CD62L+ cMo in SMM (p = 0.004) and of all subsets of (CD62L+, CD62L- and FcεRI+) cMo in MM (p ≤ 0.02). In contrast, intermediate and end-stage non-classical Mo were increased in BM of MGUS (p ≤ 0.03), SMM (p ≤ 0.03) and MM (p ≤ 0.002), while normal (MGUS and SMM) or decreased (MM; p = 0.01) in blood. In parallel, increased serum levels of interleukin (IL)1ß were observed in MGUS (p = 0.007) and SMM (p = 0.01), higher concentrations of serum IL8 were found in SMM (p = 0.01) and MM (p = 0.002), and higher serum IL6 (p = 0.002), RANKL (p = 0.01) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels (p = 0.01) with decreased counts of FcεRI+ cMo, were restricted to MM presenting with osteolytic lesions. This translated into three distinct immune/bone profiles: (1) normal (typical of HD and most MGUS cases); (2) senescent-like (increased IL1ß and/or IL8, found in a minority of MGUS, most SMM and few MM cases with no bone lesions); and (3) pro-inflammatory-high serum IL6, RANKL and BALP with significantly (p = 0.01) decreased blood counts of immunomodulatory FcεRI+ cMo-, typical of MM presenting with bone lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of plasma cell neoplasms and the potential role of FcεRI+ cMo in normal bone homeostasis.

Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder among women after childbirth using the City Birth Trauma Scale in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD) affects 3.1-6.3% of women after childbirth. The City Birth Trauma Scale (City-BiTS) is a questionnaire designed to evaluate and diagnose this disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) criteria, including the following groups of symptoms characteristic of posttraumatic stress: reexperiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish-language version of this questionnaire (City-BiTS-S), based on a community sample of Spanish women. METHOD: A total of 207 mothers, recruited at three health centers in southern Spain, completed the City-BiTS-S questionnaire and provided sociodemographic and obstetric data. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis of the data replicated the two-factor structure reported in previous studies that explained 47.9% of the variance: Factor 1 of general symptoms and Factor 2 of birth-related symptoms. Both City-BiTS-S (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and the two factors (Cronbach's alpha for Factor 1 = 0.89; Cronbach's alpha for Factor 2 = 0.82) presented high internal consistency. Rasch analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the two factors as valid subscales of the PP-PTSD. Results suggested reducing response options, reviewing Item 8, and rewording Item 3 in the Spanish version. CONCLUSIONS: The City-BiTS-S presents appropriate psychometric properties to measure symptoms of PP-PTSD. Nevertheless, further research is recommended to confirm its validity in a clinical population and in different medical approaches to the birth process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

LoRa Sensor Network Development for Air Quality Monitoring or Detecting Gas Leakage Events.

During the few last years, indoor and outdoor Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) has gained a lot of interest among the scientific community due to its direct relation with human health. The Internet of Things (IoT) and, especially, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have given rise to the development of wireless AQM portable systems. This paper presents the development of a LoRa (short for long-range) based sensor network for AQM and gas leakage events detection. The combination of both a commercial gas sensor and a resistance measurement channel for graphene chemoresistive sensors allows both the calculation of an Air Quality Index based on the concentration of reducing species such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO, and it also makes possible the detection of NO2, which is an important air pollutant. The graphene sensor tested with the LoRa nodes developed allows the detection of NO2 pollution in just 5 min as well as enables monitoring sudden changes in the background level of this pollutant in the atmosphere. The capability of the system of detecting both reducing and oxidizing pollutant agents, alongside its low-cost, low-power, and real-time monitoring features, makes this a solution suitable to be used in wireless AQM and early warning systems.