ABSTRACT
Ammonium and hexyltrimethylammonium thiomolybdates (ATM and ATM-C6) and thiotungstates (ATT and ATT-C6) were synthesized. Their toxicity was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo approaches via the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity assay (ZFET), while the copper-thiometallate interaction was studied using cyclic voltammetry, as well as in an in vivo assay. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that all thiometallates form complexes with copper in a 2:1 Cu:thiometallate ratio. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated low toxicity in BALB/3T3 cells and in zebrafish embryos, with high IC50 and LC50 values. Furthermore, the hexyltrimethylammonium ion played a crucial role in enhancing viability and reducing toxicity during prolonged treatments for ATM and ATT. In particular, the ZEFT assay uncovered the accumulation of ATM in zebrafish yolk, averted by the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion. Notably, the copper-thiometallate interaction assay highlighted the improved viability of embryos when cultured in CuCl2 and ATM-C6, even at high CuCl2 concentrations. The hatching assay further confirmed that copper-ATM-C6 interaction mitigates inhibitory effects induced by thiomolybdates and CuCl2 when administered individually. These results suggest that the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion in ATM increase its ability to interact with copper and its potential application as a copper chelator.
Subject(s)
Chelating Agents , Copper , Molybdenum , Zebrafish , Animals , Zebrafish/embryology , Copper/chemistry , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Molybdenum/chemistry , Molybdenum/pharmacology , Mice , Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects , BALB 3T3 Cells , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Egg Hypersensitivity/complications , Vitellogenins/adverse effects , Anaphylaxis/etiology , DucksSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Enterocolitis/epidemiology , Enterocolitis/etiology , Dietary Proteins/adverse effects , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Syndrome , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Summary: Background. The sensitization profile of patients allergic to house dust mites (HDM) and its molecular diagnosis may determine treatment and evolution of the disease. The present study investigates the prevalence of Der p 23 sensitization and its relation to asthma in a population of HDM-allergic patients. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 891 patients with HDM allergy with symptoms of rhinitis and 52.1% of them with asthma. Total and specific IgE (sIgE) was measured against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and its molecular components (Der p 1, Der p 2 and Der p 23) and the storage mite Lepidoglyphus destructor using ImmunoCAP. Prevalence of sensitization and levels of sIgE were analysed according to asthma diagnosis and asthma severity. Results. Der p 23 was the predominant allergen in this population (83.7%) but IgE levels were lower than those of sIgE to Der p 1 and Der p 2. A good correlation was found between sIgE to Der p 23 and the other allergens. A total of 8.2% patients were monosensitized to Der p 23. Asthma was more frequent in patients with positive sIgE against Der p 23 than in patients without this sensitization (52.8% vs 42.8%, p = 0.027). A tendency to increase both total IgE and sIgE was observed in relation to the severity of asthma from intermittent mild asthma to persistent moderate asthma but a substantial decrease in total IgE and sIgE was detected in more severe asthmatics. Conclusions. Der p 23 might be a prevalent allergen in regions with high rates of HDM exposure. Even though sIgE levels against this allergen are usually low, its presence could increase the risk of asthma.
