ABSTRACT
El consumo diario de tabaco e intensivo de alcohol en la adolescencia puede configurarse como hábitos persistentes para la vida adulta. En este trabajo se pretende explorar las diferencias entre chicos y chicas adolescentes de origen latino con consumos intensivos de tabaco y alcohol, dado que son escasos los trabajos en España que introducen la variable cultural o étnica. Se trata de un estudio trasversal mediante encuesta escolar, a 1126 adolescentes de origen latino, escolarizados en la Educación Secundaria en tres zonas españolas, de 12 a 19 años. Entre los resultados destacamos que el 9,4% de los chicos y el 5,6% de las chicas latinas fumaban diariamente y el 24,2% de los chicos y el 19% de las chicas bebió cinco o más bebidas alcohólicas en el último evento. Fumar diariamente se asoció con ser chico, fumar el padre, fumar la pareja, actuando como factor de protección hacer deporte. Ser chico, emborracharse y haber ido de botellón aumenta la probabilidad de consumir alcohol de forma intensiva. Para concluir destacamos que existen diferencias de género en los consumos de tabaco y alcohol en el tipo de consumo intensivo pero no se aprecia cuando se trata del uso de estas sustancias. Se plantea la necesidad de tener en cuenta la variable de origen cultural en las intervenciones educativas sociosanitarias (AU)
The daily smoking and binge drinking in adolescence may produce persistent habit for adulthood. The objective of this research is to explore the differences between Latinoamerican girls and boys adolescents in the tobacco and alcohol consumes. The researches with cultural variable are scant in Spain. This study is transversal via a school survey comprising 1126 Latinoamerican adolescents, in Secondary Education in three areas and ranging from 12 to 19 years of age. The results are the 9,4% of the boys and the 5,6% of the girls smoke daily, and the 24,2% of the boys and the 19% of the girls for binge drinking the last event. The probability of daily smoking was associated to be a boy, to have a smoking father, to have a smoking couple and as protection factor was to do sport. So, to be a boy, to get drunk and have gone to Botellon increase the probability to binge drinking. The most important conclusion is that there were differences of gender in tobacco and alcohol abuse but not in the use. It is necessary to introduce the cultural variable in educative, health and social prevention (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Gender and Health , Gender Identity , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Alcoholism/prevention & control , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Smoking/epidemiology , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Smoking/prevention & control , Smoking/psychology , Spain/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Emigrants and Immigrants/education , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: In recent decades, studies have been made of the possible benefits of treatments using heroin, although qualitative methodologies have not usually been employed. In 2004, in Granada (Spain), a clinical experiment was launched: the Experimental Narcotics Prescription Programme in Andalusia (PEPSA). This project attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous heroin and orally-administered methadone prescription for long-term socially-excluded opiate addicts for whom other treatments have failed. The research described herein is qualitative and has been carried out within the framework of the aforementioned experiment. The objective was to discover the attitudes, opinions and experiences of patients (and relatives) once they had been included in the program and are receiving heroin in a therapeutic environment. DESIGN AND METHODS: Focused ethnographic procedures were used to establish the study population. During the field work, we carried out in-depth interviews and observations using 21 patients and relatives. Analysis was carried out by a team according to grounded theory. RESULTS: Our results show how the treatment process and the administering of heroin in a therapeutic context manages to break the habit of consuming heroin obtained illegally, thus changing the significance given to the substance and bringing about improvements in aspects such as the workplace, family relations and physical and mental health. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The move from 'substance addiction' to chronic 'illness' upon beginning the treatment provides a chance for a population with a long history of rejection and exclusion to become part of society once again.
Subject(s)
Heroin Dependence/drug therapy , Heroin/therapeutic use , Narcotics/therapeutic use , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy , Adult , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Prescriptions , Female , Heroin/administration & dosage , Heroin Dependence/rehabilitation , Humans , Male , Methadone/therapeutic use , Narcotics/administration & dosage , Qualitative Research , Social Support , SpainABSTRACT
En este artículo se revisan algunos resultados obtenidos en investigaciones nacionales e internacionales realizadas sobre el uso de psicofármacos, especialmente de aquellos estudios sobre la prescripción y uso por las mujeres. Los resultados muestran que una parte importante de la producción científica se centra en el estudio de la detección de los trastornos en Atención Primaria o Especializada y en la morbilidad psiquiátrica de manera comparada entre los sexos. La mayor parte de las investigaciones realizadas en este ámbito tiene un carácter clínico y epidemiológico. Constituyen una excepción investigaciones realizadas en Estados Unidos o en el norte de Europa que buscan explicar los motivos y razones para un consumo y prescripción diferencial de psicofármacos, siendo las mujeres las principales afectadas. Se han analizado investigaciones que aportan información para poder responder a la pregunta: ¿Por qué las mujeres reciben los dos tercios de las prescripciones con psicofármacos? Vemos que las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad que los varones de que les prescriban psicofármacos (AU)
This paper presents some of the results arising from an analysis of the researching performed -at both domestic and international levels- on the usage of psychotropic drugs, specially on their prescription and use by women. These results come to show that a significant part of the scientific production in this area focuses on studies about the detection of disorders in Primary or Specialized Care and about psychiatric morbidity, applying a comparative methodology between sexes. Much of the researching performed in this field has a clinical and epidemiologic nature. An exception to this trend come from some surveys performed in the USA and the North of Europe intended to clarify the causes and reasons that may explain the persisting differences in both prescription and use of such drugs, a situation that adversely impacts women. The surveys analyzed on this paper offer some information that may help us to find an answer to the question: Why are two thirds of the prescriptions involving psychotropics aimed to women? It is clear that women are more prone than men to be prescribed with such drugs (AU)
