ABSTRACT
Neuropsychological syndromes including schizophrenia often do not manifest until late adolescence or early adulthood. Studies attributing a role in brain maintenance to the immune system led us to propose that malfunction of immune-dependent regulation of brain functions at adolescence underlies the late onset of such diseases/syndromes. One such function is sensorimotor gating, the ability to segregate a continuous stream of sensory and cognitive information, and to selectively allocate attention to a significant event by silencing the background (measured by prepulse inhibition; PPI). This activity is impaired in schizophrenia, as well as in several other neuropsychological diseases. Using a model of prenatal immune activation (maternal polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) injection), often used as a model for schizophrenia, and in which abnormal PPI has a delayed appearance, we demonstrated a form of immune deficit in the adult offspring. Similar abnormal PPI with a delayed appearance was found in congenitally immune-deficient mice (severe combined immune deficient, SCID), and could be reversed by immune reconstitution. This functional deficit correlated with impairment of both hippocampal neurogenesis and expression of the gene encoding kisspeptin (Kiss1) that manifested at adulthood. Moreover, exogenous administration of a kisspeptin-derived peptide partially reversed the gating deficits in the SCID mice. Our results suggest that a form of congenital immune deficiency may be a key factor that determines manifestation of developmental neuropsychological disorders with onset only at early adulthood.
Subject(s)
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications , Mental Disorders/etiology , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Neurogenesis/immunology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Sensory Gating/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation/adverse effects , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Kisspeptins , Lymphocytes/physiology , Male , Mental Disorders/chemically induced , Mental Disorders/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, SCID , Neural Inhibition/drug effects , Neurogenesis/genetics , Peptides/pharmacology , Poly C , Poly G , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced , Proteins/metabolism , Psychoacoustics , Rats , Reaction Time/drug effects , Reflex, Startle/drug effects , Reflex, Startle/physiology , Sensory Gating/drug effectsABSTRACT
Aging is often associated with a decline in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Here, we show that functional cell-mediated immunity is required for the maintenance of hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Sudden imposition of immune compromise in young mice caused spatial memory impairment, whereas immune reconstitution reversed memory deficit in immune-deficient mice. Analysis of hippocampal gene expression suggested that immune-dependent spatial memory performance was associated with the expression of insulin-like growth factor (Igf1) and of genes encoding proteins related to presynaptic activity (Syt10, Cplx2). We further showed that memory loss in aged mice could be attributed to age-related attenuation of the immune response and could be reversed by immune system activation. Homeostatic-driven proliferation of lymphocytes, which expands the existing T cell repertoire, restored spatial memory deficits in aged mice. Thus, our results identify a novel function of the immune system in the maintenance of spatial memory and suggest an original approach for arresting or reversing age-associated memory loss.
