ABSTRACT
In Argentina the information about the characteristics of complementary feeding is scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine the age of incorporation and type of complementary foods in the diet of infants from a population of low economic resources. The study was carried out at the Forres District Hospital, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, using a structured questionnaire. Breastfeeding mothers were interrogated during the children's periodic control visits. A total of 240 surveys at 5, 6 and 7 months post-partum were made. The average age of incorporation of foods was of 4.4 months. The first introduced foods were purée (potato and pumpkin, with broth or soup), soup (with wheat grits) and apple. The percentage of children consuming some type of gruel at 5 months was of 51%. At 7 months, 94% consumed gruels and 62.5% had milk bottles. About 40% ate the family stew (vegetables, noodles and meat) and 30%, a "mate" (Ilexparaguariensis) infusion with bread. An early incorporation of foods with inadequate energy and nutrients densities was observed. There was also an early ingestion of gluten and a high proportion of cow's milk consumption. This situation could affect the normal development of these children.
En Argentina existe escasa información sobre las características de la alimentación complementaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la edad de inicio y tipo de alimentos complementarios incorporados en la dieta de lactantes, en una población de escasos recursos socio-económicos. El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Distrital de Forres, Santiago del Estero, utilizando una encuesta estructurada. Las madres en etapa de lactancia fueron interrogadas durante las visitas periódicas de control de sus hijos. Se realizaron 240 encuestas, a los 5, 6 y 7 meses post-parto. La edad promedio de incorporación de alimentos fue 4,4 meses. Los primeros alimentos incorporados fueron: puré (papa y zapallo, con caldo o sopa), sopa (con sémola) y manzana. El 51% de los niños consumía algún tipo de papilla a los 5 meses. A los 7 meses, el 94% consumían papillas y el 62,5% tomaban mamadera. El 40% comía el guiso familiar (verduras, fideos y carne) y el 30%, mate cocido con pan. Se observó incorporación temprana de alimentos con densidad energética y de nutrientes inadecuadas, ingesta precoz de gluten y elevada proporción de consumo de leche de vaca. Esta situación podría afectar el normal desarrollo de los niños de la población estudiada.
Subject(s)
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Breast Feeding , Diet , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Infant , Argentina , PovertyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Andean indigenous crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) seeds are good sources of minerals (calcium and iron). Little is known, however, about mineral bioavailability in these grains. Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the iron, calcium and zinc potential availability in raw, roasted and boiled quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha seeds. Potential availability was estimated by dialyzability. RESULTS: These seeds are good sources of phenolic compounds and kañiwa of dietary fiber. Their calcium, zinc and iron content is higher than in common cereals. In general, roasting did not significantly affect mineral dialyzability. Conversely, in boiled grains there was an increase in dialyzability of zinc and, in the case of kañiwa, also in iron and calcium dialyzability. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the high content of minerals in Andean grains, the potential contribution of these minerals would not differ considerably from that of wheat flour. Further studies are required to research the effect of extrusion on mineral availability in Andean grains.
Subject(s)
Amaranthus/chemistry , Chenopodium quinoa/chemistry , Chenopodium/chemistry , Cooking , Digestion , Minerals/pharmacokinetics , Trace Elements/pharmacokinetics , Biological Availability , Calcium/analysis , Calcium/pharmacokinetics , Dialysis , Dietary Fiber/analysis , Humans , Iron/analysis , Iron/pharmacokinetics , Minerals/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Seeds/chemistry , Trace Elements/analysis , Zinc/analysis , Zinc/pharmacokineticsSubject(s)
Diet , Iron, Dietary/pharmacokinetics , Biological Availability , Humans , Infant , Infant, NewbornSubject(s)
Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Food, Fortified , Biological Availability , Growth and Development , Iron, DietaryABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in milk and the lactational performance in rats fed different Ca levels. Female Wistar rats were fed during pregnancy and lactation with experimental diets containing 20% protein and high (0.90%, HCa), normal (0.60%, NCa) or low (0.20%, LCa) Ca levels. Milk samples were collected after 15 days to determine the milk mineral composition. Pup weight was recorded from birth to weaning (litter size: 6-8 pups) to determine weight gain and calculate milk production. At delivery there were no significant differences in the body weight of the pups between the groups, but at day 15, the LCa group showed lower values than both NCa and HCa groups (p<0.05). The weight gain of the LCa group was significantly lower than of the HCa and NCa groups, between delivery and day 5 (p<0.05). This reduced rate of weight gain led to the LCa group reaching weaning weight later than the other groups. Milk production (g/pup/day) was significantly lower when dams were fed the LCa than the NCa and HCa diets (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups in milk Ca, P and Zn levels and Ca/P ratio. The body mineral composition of the pups at birth did not differ between the groups; at weaning, however, both LCa and HCa groups had lower element contents than the NCa group (p<0.05). In conclusion, dams fed with a diet containing low Ca levels produced smaller volumes of milk and their pups reached weaning weights later than the other groups. As the milk mineral composition was not affected, it can be hypothesized that in dams fed low dietary Ca, the smaller milk yield might have been a way of maintaining milk quality. High Ca levels affected neither pregnancy outcome nor lactational performance.
Subject(s)
Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage , Calcium/analysis , Lactation/drug effects , Milk/chemistry , Phosphorus/analysis , Zinc/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Body Weight/drug effects , Female , Lactation/physiology , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Se determinaron los niveles de proteína transportadora de vitamina A, transtirretina (prealbúmina), transferrina, inmunoglobulina A, fracción C3 de complemento en suero y de inmunoglobulina A total en saliva, en un grupo de 109 mujeres durante los primeros días post-parto. Las muestras de sangre y saliva no estimulada de las pacientes en ayunas se mantuvieron a -20 ºC hasta ser analizadas por inmunodifusión radial en placas de agarosa. Los resultados (media ± DE), expresados como porcentaje de las proteínas totales, fueron: 0,06 ± 0,02; 0,24 ± 0,06; 6,36 ± 1,19; 2,70 ± 0,47 y 3,76 ± 1,17 para proteína transportadora de vitamina A, transtirretina, transferrina, C3 e IgA sérica respectivamente, mientras que los de IgA en saliva fueron de 14,3 ± 10,3 mg/dL. Los valores de proteína transportadora de vitamina A y transtirretina fueron significativamente menores a los de referencia, lo que sugeriría un posible estado nutricional materno deteriorado que no se reflejó en el peso de los recién nacidos
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Complement C3 , Immunoglobulin A , Nutrition Assessment , Nutrition Disorders , Prealbumin , Carrier Proteins , Transferrin , Argentina , Complement C3 , Biomarkers , Maternal Nutrition , Postpartum Period , Prealbumin , Carrier Proteins/blood , Saliva , Transferrin , Transferrin/blood , Vitamin AABSTRACT
Se determinaron los niveles de proteína transportadora de vitamina A, transtirretina (prealbúmina), transferrina, inmunoglobulina A, fracción C3 de complemento en suero y de inmunoglobulina A total en saliva, en un grupo de 109 mujeres durante los primeros días post-parto. Las muestras de sangre y saliva no estimulada de las pacientes en ayunas se mantuvieron a -20 ºC hasta ser analizadas por inmunodifusión radial en placas de agarosa. Los resultados (media ± DE), expresados como porcentaje de las proteínas totales, fueron: 0,06 ± 0,02; 0,24 ± 0,06; 6,36 ± 1,19; 2,70 ± 0,47 y 3,76 ± 1,17 para proteína transportadora
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Nutrition Assessment , Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis , Prealbumin/diagnosis , Carrier Proteins/diagnosis , Transferrin/diagnosis , Complement C3/diagnosis , Immunoglobulin A/diagnosis , Postpartum Period , Maternal Nutrition , Biomarkers , Prealbumin/blood , Carrier Proteins/blood , Vitamin A , Transferrin , Transferrin/blood , Complement C3 , Complement C3/blood , Saliva , Argentina , Transferrin/bloodABSTRACT
Sixteen milk-based starting formulas were analyzed with the aim of calculating their "true protein" content and assessing "in vitro" protein digestibility, in order to estimate levels of potentially available protein. Ten of them were designed for term infants: 7 had a casein:whey protein ratio 40:60 (adapted formulas) and 3 a ratio 80:20 (non-adapted); the 6 remaining formulas (all adapted) were for preterm infants. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method. True protein was calculated as (total N--non-protein N) x 6.25. NPN was determined in the soluble fraction, after protein precipitation with 24% trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation. Digestibility was assessed by digestion with pepsin and pancreatin, and defined as the increase in non-protein N after enzymatic digestion. Values for true protein were from 1.3 to 2.3 g/dL and for non protein N, from 4.5 to 13.7%. Digestibility values varied between 59.0 and 92.5%; an inverse trend was observed between protein digestibility and protein content. Considering both the "true protein" levels and their digested proportions, all preterm and 60% of the term formulas would present potentially available amounts below those recommended. These observations constitute an alert, even though this method of assessing "in vitro" protein digestibility represents only an approximation to physiological processes; however, it could be useful in order to evaluate the intensity of the heat treatments to which these formulas were subjected. On the other hand, since NPN allows the estimation of the true protein provided by the formulas, either its percentage or the true protein content could be included on the label.
Subject(s)
Infant Food/analysis , Infant, Premature , Milk Proteins/analysis , Nitrogen/analysis , Animals , Digestion , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Milk Proteins/chemistry , Milk Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Se analizaron 16 fórmulas de inicio con base en leche de vaca el objeto de calcular su aporte de "proteína verdadera" y evaluar la digestibilidad proteica "in vitro" para estimar los niveles de proteína potencialmente utilizable. Diez de ellas estaban destinadas a neonatos nacidos a terminó: 7 con una relación caseína: proteínas del suero 40:60 (leches adaptadas) y 3 con una relación 80:20 (no adaptadas); las 6 restantes (adaptadas) eran fórmulas para prematuros. El nitrógeno se determinó por el método de Kjeldahl. la proteína verdadera se calculó como (N total-N noproteíco) x 6,25. El NNP se determinó en la fracción soluble, luego de precipitar las proteínas con ácido tricloroacético al 24 por ciento y posterior centrifugación. la digestibilidad se evaluó por digestión con pepsina y pancreatina, con base en el incremento del N no proteico después de la acción enzimatica. Los límites de proteína verdadera fueron de 1,3 a 2,3 g/dL y el de N no proteico se encontró entre 4,5 y 13,7 por ciento. La digestibilidad proteica osciló entre 59,0 y 92,5 por ciento observandose una tendencia inversa con el contenido proteico. Considerando el aporte de proteína "verdadera" así como la proporción que sería digerida, la totalidad de las fórmulas destinadas a prematuros y el 60 por ciento de las de terminó contendría niveles de proteína potencialmente utilizable por debajo de los valores recomendados. estas observaciones constituyen un llamado de atención, a pesar de que el método "in vitro" representa sólo una aproximación a los procesos fisiológicos; sin embargo, podría resultar útil para evaluar la intensidad de los tratamientos térmicos a los que han sido sometidos estas fórmulas. Por otra parte, dadoque el NNP permite estimar la proteína verdadera que aportan las fórmulas, sería aconsejable incluir en el rótulo el por ciento de NNP o el contenido de proteína verdadera
