ABSTRACT
In February and March 2016, four cases of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) occurred over 3 weeks in a small area north of Lyon in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France. There were no deaths but two cases had sequelae. This community outbreak was caused by a rare meningococcal strain of the clonal complex ST-32, covered by the 4CMenB/Bexsero vaccine. The incidence rate for serogroup B IMD in this area was 22.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is above the epidemic threshold (10/100,000). The number of cases observed was significantly higher than expected in the age group of 0-24 year-olds (standardised incidence ratio: 96). These results suggested the potential emergence of this invasive strain in this sub-population. In accordance with French recommendations, it was decided to vaccinate the population aged between 2 months and 24 years, living, working or studying in the epidemic area. The vaccination campaign took place from April to September 2016. Vaccination coverage was estimated at 47% for one dose and 40% for two doses. The lowest coverage estimations were observed for the age groups younger than 3 and 15-19 years. Enhanced epidemiological and microbiological surveillance reported a fifth case in June 2016, outside the epidemic area.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Infection Control/methods , Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology , Meningococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/drug effects , Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/isolation & purification , Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , France/epidemiology , Humans , Immunization Programs , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Meningococcal Infections/diagnosis , Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control , Meningococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology , Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/immunology , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virulence at infection has been suggested by a meta-analysis based on viral load and CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4) count during acute infection. This result was obtained after secondary analyses of large databases, facilitating the detection of differences. Similar finding in cohorts of more modest sample size would indicate that the effect could be more substantial. METHODS: Change from initial CD4 count and HIV viral load after acute HIV infection by calendar year was explored in patients treated at Lyon University hospitals. All patients admitted to our hospitals with acute HIV infection between 1996 and 2013 were included in our study. Initial CD4 count and viral load before the start of anti-retroviral treatment were analyzed. Trends over time were assessed in linear models. RESULTS: Initial CD4 count remained similar over time. However, in 2006-2013, initial viral load rose significantly (+1.12 log10/ml/year, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data, obtained from a single hospital cohort, confirmed findings from a large meta-analysis, showed increased initial viremia at acute HIV infection since 2006 and suggesting potentially higher HIV virulence in recent years.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/physiology , RNA, Viral/genetics , Viral Load , Acute Disease , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Cohort Studies , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/transmission , Hospitals, University , Humans , RNA, Viral/blood , Serologic Tests , ViremiaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Having been vaccinated against the human papilloma virus (HPV) may affect other behaviours related to sexual health. This study assessed knowledge and behaviour relevant to the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among girls/women aged 14-23 years in relation to their HPV vaccination status. METHODS: From November 2008 to February 2009, 328 girls/women from the Rhône-Alpes region were recruited by general practitioners and completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: In all, 316 of the 328 respondents provided information on their HPV vaccination status: 135 (42.7%) had been vaccinated (51.2% of girls aged 14-16 years, 44% of women aged 17-20 years and 18.9% of 21-23-year-olds). Knowledge about HPV and the Pap smear was poor overall but greater in those who had been vaccinated: vaccinated 14-16-year-olds were significantly more likely to know the aim of the Pap smear than those not vaccinated (72.7% vs. 41.3%, P < 0.001), and vaccinated 21-23-year-olds were more likely to know about the need to continue Pap smear screening, despite vaccination (60.0% vs. 25.6%, P = 0.06). Irrespective of vaccination status, >80% cited condoms as a means of STI prevention and >85% of those who were sexually active used them. No difference was observed between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups regarding requests for HIV serology, history of abortions or emergency hormonal contraception. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about cervical cancer prevention was better among those who had been vaccinated against HPV than among those who had not. Knowledge and behaviour relevant to STI prevention seemed appropriate whatever the respondents' vaccination status.
