A qualitative study exploring the challenges for a national police force as first responders to children and young people presenting with mental health crises: perspectives of emergency department professionals.

INTRODUCTION: The difficulties in accessing Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and the lack of out-of-hours and crises services have resulted in Ireland's national police force, An Garda Síochána (GS), becoming increasingly involved as first responders to children and young people (CYP) who are experiencing potential mental health crises. AIMS: To outline challenges faced by members of GS and emergency department (ED) professionals in such cases. METHOD: Qualitative study design with semi-structured interviews conducted with a convenience sample of medical and mental health professionals (n = 11) from a paediatric ED who are frequently involved with the interface between GS and CYP experiencing potential mental health crises. Thematic analysis was conducted on transcribed interviews using the software package MaxQDA to systematically organise and code transcriptions. RESULTS: Participants highlighted a lack of appropriate clinical settings within the ED for CYP who attend with a mental health crisis through GS. Whilst participants described positive rapport between GS and ED staff, interactions between GS and patients were identified as challenging. Knowledge gaps amongst members of GS in Mental Health Act (MHA) legislation and restraint were also identified as contributory stressors for GS and emergency department professionals. CONCLUSION: The increased prevalence of CYP mental health issues and psychosocial stressors in conjunction with difficulty in accessing CAMHS means that challenges faced by GS as first responders are likely to continue. Research is needed to quantify the adverse personal impacts on GS along with the potential negative impact on youth. Access to emergency mental health review for youth is essential to optimise the experience of both groups.

Openness to church-based firearm safety interventions among Protestant Christian firearm owners.

OBJECTIVES: Protestant Christians are more likely to own firearms and not store them locked/unloaded compared to those from other religions. This study examines how Protestant Christians view the relationship between their religious and firearm beliefs and how that informs openness to church-based firearm safety interventions. STUDY DESIGN: Grounded theory analysis of 17 semi-structured interviews with Protestant Christians. METHODS: Interviews, conducted August-October 2020, focused on firearms owned, carrying/discharge/storage behaviors, Christian belief compatibility with firearm ownership, and openness to church-based firearm safety interventions. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using grounded theory techniques. RESULTS: Participant perspectives varied on firearm ownership motivations and compatibility of Christian values with firearm ownership. Variation in these themes and in openness to church-based firearm safety interventions resulted in clustering of participants into three groups. Group 1 owned firearms for collecting/sporting purposes and intricately connected their Christian identity with firearm ownership, but they were not open to intervention due to perceived high firearm proficiency. Group 2 did not connect their Christian identity to their firearm ownership; some believed these identities were incompatible, so were also not open to intervention. Group 3 owned firearms for protection and believed church, as a community hub, was an excellent location for firearm safety interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The clustering of participants into groups varying in openness to church-based firearm safety interventions suggests it is feasible to identify Protestant Christian firearm owners open to intervention. This study presents a first step in coupling firearm owner characteristics with community-based, tailored interventions with promise for efficacy.

Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Occurrence, Reproduction, and Injury to Fruit in an Organic Tomato Crop Bordered by Sorghum.

Border rows of grain sorghum were planted along two to four sides of an organic Granadero tomato crop in North Florida to reduce fruit injury caused by native and invasive stink bugs. During the 2-yr study, 14 species of stink bugs were encountered, six only in sorghum: Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Thyanta spp., Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius), Chinavia hilaris (Say), C. pensylvanica (Gmelin), and Mormidea pama (Rolston). There were four species only in tomato: Euschistus obscurus (Palisot de Beauvois), E. tristigmus (Say), E. ictericus (L.), and Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer). The three most abundant pests in tomato were collected in both crops: Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), and E. quadrator Rolston, along with Proxys punctulatus (Palisot de Beauvois). Nezara viridula and P. guildinii were the most abundant stink bugs on sorghum. The border rows of sorghum did not reduce the total number of stink bug adults or nymphs in the tomato crop, although many more stink bug adults were captured in sorghum than tomato when the sorghum panicles were in the milk to soft dough stage. Generally, 30% of the females in the sorghum and tomato crops were mated and contained more than 15 eggs, indicating they could generate a considerable number of nymphs. Tomato fruit from the plot with sorghum border rows had significantly more punctures than fruit from the plot without sorghum. The stink bugs frequently probed and blemished tomato fruit in all stages of ripeness but fruit covered with probing sites were nevertheless suitable for human consumption.

'Policing' a pandemic: Garda wellbeing and COVID-19.

In response to the global pandemic COVID-19, the Irish government has called upon the Garda Síochána to implement an unparalleled mode of policing to mitigate and contain the spread of the Coronavirus. Studies investigating smaller scale epidemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), indicate that staff at the frontlines of an outbreak are exposed to an insuperable amount of stress and experience increased psychological morbidities as a result. Furthermore, research not only indicates that heighted levels of psychological distress are an occupational hazard associated with the law enforcement profession, but that members of the Garda Síochána feel their mental health needs are largely unmet by their organisation. Given the pandemic's propensity to expose officers to indeterminate echelons of physical and psychological threat; there has never been a more appropriate time to explore the potential burdens associated with 'policing' a pandemic, question the governments capacity to address the psychological support needs of frontline professionals, and plan future research for best practice.

Pulse wave analysis for the prediction of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is associated with a number of changes to maternal vascular function. Assessment of arterial stiffness using pulse wave analysis (PWA) has been proposed as a means of predicting preeclampsia before the onset of clinically detectable disease. One hundred and eighty women with 2 risk factors for preeclampsia were examined at gestational weeks 16 and 28, of whom 17 (9.4%) developed preeclampsia. To study the effects of pregnancy itself women were also examined at 6-9 months post-natally; an additional 30 healthy non-pregnant women were also examined. PWA was performed using SphygmoCor; augmentation index (AIx), a marker of arterial wave reflection, was also measured using EndoPAT-2000. Women who developed preeclampsia were more likely to be overweight and had a higher brachial and central diastolic BP at gestational week 16 than those who remained normotensive. There was no difference in any parameter of arterial wave reflection between non-pregnant and pregnant women, nor between those who developed preeclampsia and those who remained normotensive, when examined at weeks 16 and 28 or post-natally. In this cohort of women with risk factors for preeclampsia, PWA did not provide additional information beyond brachial blood pressure and maternal risk factor profile about the risk of future development of preeclampsia.

Mast cell tryptase activates extracellular-regulated kinases (p44/p42) in airway smooth-muscle cells: importance of proteolytic events, time course, and role in mediating mitogenesis.

We previously reported that mast cell tryptase is a potent mitogen for cultured airway smooth-muscle cells, but the early intracellular signals mediating this response are not known. In many cells, proliferative effects are mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway involving Raf-1, MAP kinase kinases (MEKs), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. Therefore, we tested for tryptase-induced activation of ERK1 and 2 in cultured dog tracheal smooth-muscle cells. Tryptase, in nanomolar concentrations which potently stimulated DNA synthesis, increased dual phosphorylation of ERKs in cellular lysates as well as ERK2 kinase activity in immunoprecipitates. Pretreatment of cells with the MEK inhibitor PD098059 abolished tryptase-induced increases in DNA synthesis and attenuated increases in ERK2 activity. Irreversible inhibition of tryptase's proteolytic activity, using p-amidino phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, attenuated tryptase-induced increases in DNA synthesis and dual phosphorylation of ERKs by 76% and 40 to 60%, respectively. Tryptase also increased c-fos transcription as quantified in polymerase chain reactions. In concentrations that caused similar increases in DNA synthesis, tryptase and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) increased ERK activity (and c-fos transcription) with markedly different kinetics, the tryptase-induced responses being slower in onset and more sustained. We conclude that tryptase-induced mitogenesis in airway smooth-muscle cells requires activation of ERK1 and 2; that these responses depend partially, but not completely, upon tryptase's properties as a protease; and that they are slower in onset and more sustained than those induced by PDGF-BB.

Effect of nixtamalization (Alkaline cooking) on fumonisin-contaminated corn for production of masa and tortillas.

Studies were undertaken to determine the fate of the mycotoxins, fumonisins, during the process of alkaline cooking (nixtamalization), using normal-appearing corn that was naturally contaminated with fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) at 8.79 ppm. Corn was processed into tortillas, starting with raw corn that was cooked with lime and allowed to steep overnight; the steeped corn (nixtamal) was washed and ground into masa, which was used to make tortillas. Calculations to determine how much of the original fumonisin remained in the finished products took into consideration that FB(1) will be converted to hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) (HFB(1)) by the process of alkaline cooking. All fractions, including steeping and washing water, were weighed, and percent moisture and fumonisin content were determined. Tortillas contained approximately 0.50 ppm of FB(1), plus 0.36 ppm of HFB(1), which represented 18.5% of the initial FB(1) concentration. Three-fourths of the original amount of fumonisin was present in the liquid fractions, primarily as HFB(1). Nixtamalization significantly reduced the amount of fumonisin in maize.

[Properties of white sorghum diastatic malt]. / Propiedades de malta diastásica de sorgo blanco.

Diastatic malt enzymes have potential to hydrolize pregelatinized starches releasing soluble sugars, lowering viscosity of slurries and allowing the use of high nutrient densities for preparation of cereal-based creams, baby food and drinks. Determination of the extent in which sorghum malt is able to develop desirable functional properties such as viscoty, water solubility and nutritional quality is fundamental. In this work the characteristics of a white sorghum during germination and the resulting malt were evaluated. "Dorado" white sorghum was germinated at 28 degrees C and 95% RH during 6 days in complete darkness, dried at 55 degrees C and ground to produce diastatic malt flour. Physicochemical, chemical, diastatic and nutritional characteristics of malt and its ability to liquify precooked flour slurries were determined. Maximum diastatic activity occurred at 3-4 days germination. Dry matter loss increased during germination at a rate of 2.7 percent units per day. Longer germination resulted in increased dry matter loss and decreased diastatic activity. Water solubility index of sorghum increased linearly during the first 5 days of germination probably caused by the production of soluble sugars and free amino acids. In vitro protein digestibility, lysine content and C-PER increased during germination. Sorghum malt was able to liquify precooked rice, wheat, oats or millet pastes (20% solids) in 5 min mixing at 30 degrees C. Utilization of malts with maximum diastatic activity are useful to liquify precooked cereal pastes or drinks and to increase the total solid contents and nutrient density while keeping the liquid properties of the product.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The tortilla making properties of two improved maicillo cultivars from Honduras.

Grains of two improved maicillo hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) and their criollo (Landrace) counterparts grown at two farmsites in Honduras were lime-cooked and processed into table tortillas. Kernels from the criollos were less dense and softer than kernels from the improved cultivars. The improved maicillos had straw or red plant and glume colors while the criollos were less dense and softer than kernels from the improved cultivars. The improved maicillos had straw or red plant and glume colors while the criollos had purple colored plants with black or purple glumes. The soft textured criollo kernels required less cooking than their harder improved counterparts. Nixtamals cooked to contain 53-55% moisture were the most suitable for processing into tortillas. Both improved maicillos compared favorably with Sureño (used as positive control during processing). The criollos produced darker, less acceptable tortillas. Masa and tortillas from criollos darkened during lime-cooking especially during baking. All sorghums and their respective tortillas had similar chemical composition. The improved maicillos bred in Honduras have a significantly improved plant and glume color with white pericarp. The sorghum improvement was also observed in the overall tortilla quality.

The tortilla making properties of two improved maicillo cultivars from Honduras

Grains of two improved maicillo hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) and their criollo (Landrace) counterparts grown at two farmsites in Honduras were lime-cooked and processed into table tortillas. Kernels from the criollos were less dense and softer than kernels from the improved cultivars. The improved maicillos had straw or red plant and glume colors while the criollos were less dense and softer than kernels from the improved cultivars. The improved maicillos had straw or red plant and glume colors while the criollos had purple colored plants with black or purple glumes. The soft textured criollo kernels required less cooking than their harder improved counterparts. Nixtamals cooked to contain 53-55 moisture were the most suitable for processing into tortillas. Both improved maicillos compared favorably with Sureño (used as positive control during processing). The criollos produced darker, less acceptable tortillas. Masa and tortillas from criollos darkened during lime-cooking especially during baking. All sorghums and their respective tortillas had similar chemical composition. The improved maicillos bred in Honduras have a significantly improved plant and glume color with white pericarp. The sorghum improvement was also observed in the overall tortilla quality.

Measurement of the distribution coefficients of several classes of drug using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography.

Using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography, with octan-1-ol as stationary phase and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as mobile phase, the behaviour of different drugs at 37 degrees C was studied. Three classes of drug were examined: beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. As well as ranking these compounds in terms of their distribution coefficients, an attempt was also made to assign a quantitative value to each. For the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists this was done by using a series of published values obtained using the shake-flask technique: for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents a series of standard compounds was used. No good calibration data were available for the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, but approximate values were assigned. The results obtained were compared with other published data and the applicability of the method discussed.

Microbiological Characteristics and Shelf Life of Corn Tortillas with and without Antimicrobial Agents.

Commercial corn tortillas were assayed for pH, moisture, aw, aerobic plate count (APC) and mold and yeast count (MYC). The shelf life of commercial tortillas ranged from 3 to 60 days, depending on the amount and type of preservative added. High initial APCs of commercial tortillas were associated with poor sanitary conditions at the plants, airborne contamination and improper storage practices. Shelf life of tortillas was greatly enhanced by refrigerated storage with or without the use of antimicrobials. For tortillas stored at 25°C, substantial increases in shelf life were attained by acidification (0.45% fumaric acid) plus addition of K-sorbate or Ca-propionate, but particularly by combination of these two antimicrobials. For tortillas stored at 4°C, shelf life of non-acidified samples was somewhat enhanced by addition of parabens and combinations of K-sorbate and Ca-propionate. Shelf life of acidified tortillas at 4°C was somewhat enhanced by addition of parabens and K-sorbate but increased substantially by addition of Ca-propionate and combinations of K-sorbate and Ca-propionate.

Factors affecting starch digestibility with special emphasis on sorghum and corn.

Starch exists inside the endosperm of cereals enmeshed in a protein matrix, which is particularly strong in sorghum and corn. Starch digestibility is affected by the plant species, the extent of starch-protein interaction, the physical form of the granule, inhibitors such as tannins, and the type of starch. Among the cereals, sorghum generally has the lowest starch digestibility. The resistance to digestive action of the hard peripheral endosperm layer is largely responsible for this effect. Processing methods such as steam-flaking and reconstitution are effective in raising sorghum digestibility to near that of corn. Waxy sorghum shows consistently higher feeding value than normal sorghum. Both the starch granules and the protein matrix around them are more digestible in waxy grain. The development of new heterowaxy or waxy sorghum hybrids may further increase sorghum feed efficiency.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the anti-emetic agent bromopride.

The pharmacokinetics of bromopride, an anti-emetic agent chemically related to metoclopramide, has been investigated in normal human subjects. After intravenous bolus doses of 10 mg, a one-compartment open model appeared adequate to describe the plasma drug concentration data. The systemic clearance of bromopride was 899 ml min-1 +/- 22 per cent CV, the volume of distribution was 2151 +/- 16 per cent CV, and the elimination half-life was 2.9 h +/- 21 per cent CV. Over a wide drug concentration range of up to 650 ng ml-1, bromopride was only 40 per cent bound to plasma proteins. The systemic availability of orally and intramuscularly administered solution doses of 20 mg of bromopride was 54 per cent and 78 per cent, respectively. Formulation of bromopride as the solid material in capsules delayed absorption but did not affect the extent of drug bioavailability. The pharmacokinetics of bromopride appeared similar to that of metoclopramide. No evidence for non-linear kinetics was found when bromopride was administered orally in the dose range 10-30 mg: after single oral doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg, peak mean plasma drug concentrations were 20 ng ml-1 +/- 32 per cent CV, 38 ng ml-1 +/- 16 per cent CV, and 64 ng ml-1 +/- 23 per cent CV, respectively.

Pharmacokinetics of pirprofen in young volunteers and elderly patients.

Plasma concentrations of pirprofen were measured in 11 elderly arthritic patients and 6 healthy young volunteers at the beginning and end of 8 days treatment with 400 mg doses twice daily. The mean ages of the two groups were 74.5 and 21.8 years, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in peak concentrations, times to peak, areas under the curve or terminal elimination half-lives between the groups after single dosing. Repeated dosing increased plasma drug concentrations in both groups but the extent was as predicted from the single dose data. Again there were no statistically significant differences between the groups, although pre-dosing plasma concentrations were higher in the elderly compared with the young individuals. The results of this relatively small study suggest that advancing age and arthritic disease appear to have little influence on the pharmacokinetics of pirprofen and no modification in the dosage recommendation in elderly patients without overt renal or hepatic impairment is indicated.

Determination of bromopride in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Bromopride was measured in plasma and urine using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography employing ultraviolet absorption detection. The limit of detection in plasma was 2 ng/ml, sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of the drug. Plasma concentrations of bromopride reached mean peak levels (55 ng/ml) at 1 h after single oral doses of 20 mg and declined with a half-life of 4.9 h. Less than a mean of 10% of an oral dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. The assay could also be used to measure metoclopramide in these bio-fluids.

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of six cases.

Six cases of inflammatory aneurysm of the abdominal aorta are described. All patients were male, aged 59 to 80 years, and five had symptomatic atherosclerotic cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. In three the diagnosis of inflammatory aneurysm was suggested preoperatively on the basis of computed tomographic or ultrasonographic scanning. On gross examination the aneurysm wall was about 1 cm thick and included an inner narrow layer of atherosclerotic plaque, which was contiguous with the outer thick fibroinflammatory component. Microscopically, this component consisted of fibroblasts and collagen, which entrapped fat, nerves, and lymph nodes and was infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells. Plasma cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts predominated in four patients, while two showed abundant dense collagen with fewer inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. There was associated vasculitis, predominantly phlebitis, in three. Inflammatory aneurysms represent a distinct group of abdominal aortic aneurysms.