ABSTRACT
SETTING: A TB control programme in Bangladesh with proficiency testing of sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using cross-checking of routine smears. OBJECTIVE: To document factors that may adversely affect repeatability of the AFB smear, and which should be taken into account for interpretation of cross-checking. DESIGN: A number of simple experiments falling within the scope of small routine laboratories in a developing country. RESULTS: Fuchsin staining is not stable, fading quickly in direct sunlight and combinations of high temperature and humidity. Diffuse daylight, immersion oil or xylene did not have the same effect. Contamination of smears by saprophytic mycobacteria may occur during staining or rinsing, with contaminants becoming visible only after restaining and cross-checking. Finally, AFB may be dislodged from smears during soaking in xylene or restaining, especially if the smears are made from thin, liquefied sputum. CONCLUSIONS: These possible interfering factors should be taken into account when organizing proficiency testing and interpreting its results.
Subject(s)
Specimen Handling , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Bangladesh , Humans , Quality Control , Reproducibility of Results , Staining and LabelingABSTRACT
Under greenhouse conditions the effective concentration of 2,4-D (amine salt) for killing water hyacinths could be decreased 10 times if 2,k4-D was applied in combination with extremely low concentrations of gibberellic acid (6 g/ha or higher). This implies that in practice the risk of harming nearby vegetation is considerably reduced, and the cost of spraying programmes might be decreased.
