Diversity of gastrointestinal parasites and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in free-living and captive howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in southern Brazil.

Non-human primates (NHPs) are the group that most share infectious agents with humans due to their close taxonomic relationship. The southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) are endemic primates from Brazil and Argentina's Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to investigate the presence of intestinal parasites in free-living (FL) and captive (CA) southern brown howler monkeys. Thirty-nine stool samples were collected in two areas in southern Brazil, 15 FL and 24 CA. Stool sediments obtained by centrifugal sedimentation technique were used for microscopic analysis and direct immunofluorescence assay and evaluated by molecular analysis through amplification and sequencing of TPI fragments. Intestinal parasites Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trypanoxyuris minutus were detected at coproparasitological analysis. This is the first report of the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in free-living howlers. The molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates indicated assemblage B for the first time found in free-living A. guariba clamitans. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis transmission in CA howler monkeys can be explained by direct contact with humans and frequent soil contact. The presence of a potentially zoonotic assemblage in these animals indicates that the process of fragmentation and cohabitation with humans and livestock affects the wildlife, thus indicating a need for eco-health measures.

Comparison of different methodologies for DNA extraction from Aegla longirostri

The aim of this study was to compare some DNA extraction methodologies for Aegla longirostri. The protocols were based on the traditional phenol-chloroform DNA extraction methodology and using a commercial kit for DNA extraction. They differed in tissues used, the addition - or not - of beta-mercaptoethanol to the lysis buffer, times and methods for the animal's conservation (frozen, in ethanol or fresh). Individuals stored at -20°C for a long time supplied lower molecular weight DNA than those stored for a short time. The best yield for the specimens preserved in ethanol was obtained for 15 days storage in 95 percent ethanol. The kit resulted in a low quantity of high molecular weight DNA. The best protocol for DNA extraction from Aeglidae, and probably for other crustaceans should, therefore, utilize fresh specimens, with addition of beta-mercaptoethanol to the lysis buffer.

Marcadores moleculares são ferramentas úteis para esclarecer dúvidas a respeito dos Aeglidae, único grupo de crustáceos Anomura de água doce. Essas técnicas dependem da obtenção de DNA de boa qualidade e sem contaminantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar algumas metodologias de extração de DNA de Aegla longirostri. Quatorze protocolos foram analisados, baseados na metodologia tradicional de extração de DNA com fenol-clorofórmio, exceto o protocolo K no qual se utilizou um Kit. Os procedimentos diferiram quanto aos tecidos utilizados e a adição de beta-mercaptoetanol ao tampão de lise. Avaliaram-se também diferentes tempos e maneiras de conservação. Indivíduos congelados apresentaram maior degradação do material obtido conforme o tempo em que ficaram congelados. Para os indivíduos conservados em álcool, aqueles mantidos em etanol 95 por cento forneceram material de melhor qualidade. A utilização do Mini Kit resultou em uma quantidade muito pequena de DNA de alto peso molecular. O melhor protocolo para extração de DNA de Aeglidae utilizou músculos e brânquias, de indivíduos frescos com adição de beta-mercaptoetanol ao tampão de lise.