ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity can reduce the power and obscure the findings from natural history studies to genome scans, neuroimaging, and clinical trials. The authors review the evidence supporting a multidimensional model of OCD. METHOD: Computerized and manual literature searches were performed to identify factor-analytic studies of obsessive-compulsive symptoms before data from disciplines that bear on the potential usefulness of these dimensions were considered. Selection criteria included the novelty and importance of studies and their relevance to outcomes of interest to well-informed mental health professionals. RESULTS: Twelve factor-analytic studies involving more than 2,000 patients were identified that consistently extracted at least four symptom dimensions: symmetry/ordering, hoarding, contamination/cleaning, and obsessions/checking. These dimensions were associated with distinct patterns of comorbidity, genetic transmission, neural substrates, and treatment response. The evidence supporting the hoarding dimension is particularly robust. CONCLUSIONS: The complex clinical presentation of OCD can be summarized with a few consistent, temporally stable symptom dimensions. These can be understood as a spectrum of potentially overlapping syndromes that may 1) coexist in any patient, 2) be continuous with normal obsessive-compulsive phenomena, and 3) extend beyond the traditional nosological boundaries of OCD. Although the dimensional structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms is imperfect, this quantitative approach to phenotypic traits has the potential to advance our understanding of OCD and may aid in the identification of more robust endophenotypes. The need for a dimensional rating scale and suggestions for future research aimed at reducing the burden of this disorder are discussed.
Subject(s)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Brain/physiopathology , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Diagnostic Imaging/statistics & numerical data , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Models, Neurological , Models, Psychological , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/genetics , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Phenotype , Predictive Value of Tests , Principal Component Analysis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Reproducibility of Results , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Revisar as evidências da relação entre epilepsia, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) e transtornos de tiques. Revisão dos estudos mais relevantes investigando possíveis associações entre estes transtornos. Os transtornos psiquiátricos são frequentes em pacientes com epilepsia. Entretanto, a associação entre sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, tiques e epilepsia ainda é pouco explorada na literatura. Os realtos de caso mais frequentes descrevem TOC e tiques em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal e também após o tratamento cirúrgico da epilepsia. Considerando o quanto a presença desses transtornos pode afetar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com epilepsia, é importante investigar a presença dos mesmos em pacientes com epilepsia e faz-se necessário que todo paciente candidato a cirurgia de epilepsia tenha uma avaliação psiquiátrica no pré-operatório e que seja acompanhado no pós-operatório
Subject(s)
Epilepsy , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Tics , Tourette SyndromeABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou 106 crianças e adolescents com TOC e 44 probandos controle. Estes probandos e seus 465 familiares de primeiro grau foram avaliados por entrevistadores treinados, usando entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Diagnósticos foram determinados pelo DSM-IV, pelo processo de estimativa de diagnóstico. Comparados aos familiares controle, familiares caso tiveram risco significativamente aumentado para TOC (22.7 por cento vs. 0.9 por cento) e tiques (11.6 por cento vs. 1.7 por cento). Houve uma correlação significativa entre as idades de início do TOC nos probandos e seus familiares. Estes dados sugerem que o TOC de início precoce é um transtorno altamente familiar./The current study examined 106 children and adolescents with OCD and 44 control probands. These probands and their 465 first-degree relatives were assessed by trained interviewers, using standardized semi-structured interviews. Diagnoses were assigned according to DSM-IV criteria, through the best-estimate process. Compared to control relatives, case relatives had higher age-corrected recurrence risks of OCD (22.7 per cent vs. 0.9 per cent) and tics (11.6 per cent vs. 1.7 per cent). There was a significant correlation between the ages of onset of OCD in probands and their affected relatives. These data suggest that childhood onset OCD is a highly familial disorder...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Tourette Syndrome/genetics , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Interviews as Topic , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/geneticsABSTRACT
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a bimodal age of onset and a range of treatment outcomes. Although most of the studies carried out so far have considered childhood and adult forms of OCD as the same disorder, more recent data have suggested that OCD children, as well as adults with an early onset of their obsessive-compulsive symptoms, may represent a distinct subgroup. This review briefly summarizes the most common clinical characteristics of the OCD presentation in children and adolescents, shows data reinforcing the idea that age of onset may be an important distinguishing feature and discusses the importance of a systematic assessment of age of onset for identifying more homogeneous subgroups of OCD patients
