ABSTRACT
In eukaryotic mismatch repair, MutS homologs recognize mismatches and recruit the MutLα endonuclease which introduces a nick in the newly replicated, error-containing DNA strand. The nick occurs in response to the mismatch, but at a site up to several hundred base pairs away. The MutLα nick promotes mismatch excision by an exonuclease (Exo1) or removal by the strand displacement activity of a DNA polymerase which may work in conjunction with a flap endonuclease. Models have suggested that MutL homolog endonucleases form oligomeric complexes which facilitate and are activated by strand capture mechanisms, although such models have never been explicitly tested. We present evidence that the mismatch repair MutLα endonuclease is activated by DNA-DNA associations and that it can use this property to overcome DNA torsional barriers. Using DNA ligation and pull-down experiments, we determined that the MutLα endonuclease associates two DNA duplexes. Using nuclease assays, we determined that this activity stimulates MutLα's endonuclease function. We also observe that MutLα enhances a topoisomerase without nicking the DNA itself. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for how MutL proteins interact with DNA during mismatch repair, and how MutL homologs participate in other processes, such as recombination and trinucleotide repeat expansions.
