ABSTRACT
The digestive enzymes-polyphenolic compounds (PCs) interactions behind the inhibition of these enzymes have not been completely studied. The existing studies have mainly analyzed polyphenolic extracts and reported inhibition percentages of catalytic activities determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques. Recently, pure PCs and new methods such as isothermal titration calorimetry and circular dichroism have been applied to describe these interactions. The present review focuses on PCs structural characteristics behind the inhibition of digestive enzymes, and progress of the used methods. Some characteristics such as molecular weight, number and position of substitution, and glycosylation of flavonoids seem to be related to the inhibitory effect of PCs; also, this effect seems to be different for carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and proteases. The digestive enzyme-PCs molecular interactions have shown that non-covalent binding, mostly by van der Waals forces, hydrogen binding, hydrophobic binding, and other electrostatic forces regulate them. These interactions were mainly associated to non-competitive type inhibitions of the enzymatic activities. The present review emphasizes on the digestive enzymes such as α-glycosidase (AG), α-amylase (PA), lipase (PL), pepsin (PE), trypsin (TP), and chymotrypsin (CT). Existing studies conducted in vitro allow one to elucidate the characteristics of the structure-function relationships, where differences between the structures of PCs might be the reason for different in vivo effects.
Subject(s)
Hydrolases/chemistry , Polyphenols/chemistry , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
Introducción: Los taninos hidrolizables (TH) se han convertido en un tema de interés científico debido a su potencial nutraceutico. Tanto los galotatninos (GT) como los elagitaninos (ET) muestran diversas propiedades bioquímicas que, dentro del individuo que las consume, se traducen en diversos beneficios para la salud (e.g. anti- diabéticas, anti-mutagénica, antimicrobianas) asociados a su capacidad antioxidante (CAOX). Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos más relevantes (aspectos bioquímicos, nutricionales/analíticos y efectos a la salud) reportados en la literatura científica sobre TH. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en diversas bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) y documentos de libre acceso (Google Scholar) sobre TH, GT y ET. Esta información fue posteriormente sub-clasificada en aspectos bioquímicos, nutricionales y analíticos (revisión narrativa) y efectos a la salud (revisión sistemática). Resultados: La complejidad molecular y cantidad elevada de grupos hidroxilo (-OH) en un amplio universo de ET y GT es responsable no solo de una diversidad de métodos para su extracción y purificación sino también son responsables de diversos efecto pro- y anti-fisiológicos como la inhibición reversible de enzimas, secreción proteica, CAOX y efectos antiproliferativos. Conclusiones: La asociación de ET y GT con diversas biomoléculas presentes en los alimentos y/o macromoléculas del tracto digestivo, limitan en muchos casos la propia CAOX de estos compuestos pero en cambio permiten la distribución diferencial de GT y ET a distintos órganos blanco de tal forma que sus efectos en la salud aparentemente son diferenciales (AU)
Introduction: Hydrolysable tannins (HT) have been of scientific interest because of their nutraceutical potential. Both gallotannins (GT) and ellagitannins (ET) show different biochemical properties that result in various health benefits (eg anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial) for consumers, all associated with their antioxidant capacity (AOXc). Objective: To analyze the most relevant aspects (biochemical, nutritional/analytical and health effects) of HT reported in the scientific literature. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in several databases (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) and free-access repositories (Google Scholar) on HT, GT and ET. This information was further sub-classified into biochemical, nutritional and analytical aspects (narrative review) and health effects (systematic review). Results: The high molecular complexity and amount of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in both ET and GT, are responsible not only for a plethora of methods for extraction and purification but also for the several pro-and anti-physiological effects of them such as enzyme inhibitions, protein excretion stimulation, AOXc and anti-proliferative effects. Conclusions: The association of ET/GT with several macromolecules present in foodstuffs and the digestive tract, counter act the AOXc of these compounds but conversely allow the differential distribution of GT and ET to different target organs in such way that their health effects seems to be different (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Hydrolyzable Tannins/analysis , Hydrolyzable Tannins , Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/analysis , Dietary Supplements , Biochemistry/instrumentationABSTRACT
Objetivo: Revisar y discutir la información más reciente sobre el valor agroindustrial, funcional y nutricional de uno de los frutos de mayor cultivo, exportación y consumo en México: el Mango. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en diversas bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) y documentos de libre acceso (Google Scholar) sobre Mangifera indica L. Esta información fue posteriormente sub-clasificada en aspectos agroindustriales, nutricionales, funcionales y efectos a la salud. Resultados: Uno de cada veinte mangos consumidos mundialmente, es mexicano. 'Ataulfo' es la variedad la de mayor importancia agronómica. El procesamiento mínimo de su pulpa (MP) genera residuos de cáscara (MC) y semilla con alto potencial nutracéutico. MP y MC son buenas fuentes de ascorbato, fructosa, fibra dietarias soluble (MP, almidones y ramnogalacturonanos) e insoluble (MC, ligninas y hemicelulosa) y lípidos funcionales (MP). MP y MC poseen un perfil de compuestos fenólicos (CF) monoméricos (MP) como el acido gálico y el protocatehuico y poliméricos (MC) como la β-PGG asociados con efectos anti-obesigénicos, anti-inflamatorios, anti-cancerigenos y anti-diabeticos. Estos beneficios son dependientes de la bioaccesibilidad (liberación de su matriz alimentaria) y destino metabólico (biodisponibilidad) de estos CF. Discusión: El mango resulta una valiosa fuente de compuestos antioxidantes con comprobado beneficio a la salud. Sin embargo, factores como la variedad, temporalidad de cultivos, tratamientos pre y post-cosecha, extracción de bioactivos y algunas barreras fisiológicas pueden modificar su potencial nutracéutico (AU)
Objective: To review and discuss the latest information on agroindustrial, functional and nutritional value of one of the most produced/consumed fruit crop in México: The mango. Methods: A search was conducted in several databases (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect) and public repositories (Google Scholar) on Mangifera indica L. This information was further sub-classified into agroindustrial, nutritional, functional aspects and health effects. Results: One out of twenty mangoes consumed worldwide is Mexican. The variety 'Ataulfo' variety is the most important crop. Minimal processing of its pulp (MP) generates peel (MC) and seeds as biowastes, which have nutraceutical potential. MP and MC are good sources of ascorbate, fructose, soluble (MP, starches and rhamnogalacturonans) and insoluble (MC, lignin and hemicelluloses) dietary fibers as well as functional lipids (MP). MP and MC are good sources of monomeric (MP) phenolic compounds (PC) such as gallic and protocatehuic acids and polymeric PC (MC) such as β-PGG with associated anti-obesigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetic potential. However, these benefits are dependent on their bioaccessibility (release from its food matrix) and metabolic fate (bioavailability). Discussion: Mango is a valuable source of antioxidant compounds with proven health benefits. However, factors such as its variety, seasonality, pre and post-harvest handling, extraction of bioactives and some physiological barriers, can modify their nutraceutical potential (AU)
