The effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with nanotechnology-applied curcumin and 450nm blue led irradiation on multi-species biofilms in root canals.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) utilizing nanotechnology-applied curcumin activated by blue LED (450 nm) on the elimination of microorganisms arranged in multispecies biofilms inside the root canals of extracted human teeth. Forty single-rooted human teeth were used; these were randomized into four experimental groups, each comprising 10 teeth: control group, no treatment; photosensitizer (PS) group, nanotechnology-applied curcumin alone; light group, blue LED used separately; and aPDT group, nanotechnology-applied curcumin activated by blue LED. To carry out the tests, the interiors of the root canals were inoculated with species of Candida albicans (ATCC 90029), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 43300), using a multispecies biofilm. After the incubation period, the canals were treated according to the experimental groups, with no treatment given in the control group. Studied inasmuch as the antimicrobial effectiveness of aPDT was concerned, it was observed that the greatest reduction in microbial counts using aPDTs was achieved against MRSA (mean reduction = 2.48 Log10 CFU/mL), followed by Escherichia coli (mean reduction = 1.72), and Enterococcus faecalis (mean reduction = 1.65); a reduction greater than 1.5 Log10 CFU/mL showed relevant effectiveness of aPDT against these microorganisms. Of note, aPDT has also shown considerable effectiveness against Candida albicans (mean reduction = 0.71), with a statistical difference in the reduction between the groups. aPDT was effective in reducing all microorganisms examined. The average reduction was greater than 1.5 Log10 in all microorganisms except for Candida albicans. HIGHLIGHTS: • aPDT was a viable treatment for root canals; • Nanotechnological curcumin aPDT was effective in reducing multispecies biofilm microorganisms; • aPDT technique showed efficacy under the worst microbiological conditions , such as mature multispecies biofilm; • Nanotechnological curcumin aPDT was able to reduce Gram positive, negative bacterial and yeasts in root canals.

Characterization of Brazilian green propolis as a photosensitizer for LED light-induced antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA).

Staphylococcus aureus is the primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Its significant adaptability and the development of resistance are the main factors linked to its spread and the challenges in its treatment. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy emerges as a promising alternative. This work aimed to characterize the antimicrobial photodynamic activity of Brazilian green propolis, along with the key bioactive compounds associated with this activity. Initially, a scanning spectrometry was conducted to assess the wavelengths with the potential to activate green propolis. Subsequently, reference strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300) and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA ATCC 700699) were exposed to varying concentrations of green propolis: 1 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 50 µg /mL and 100 µg/mL and were stimulated by blue, green or red LED light. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, along with classic molecular networking analysis, was performed to identify potential bioactive molecules with photodynamic activity. Brazilian green propolis exhibits a pronounced absorption peak and heightened photo-responsiveness when exposed to blue light within the range of 400 nm and 450 nm. This characteristic reveals noteworthy significant photodynamic activity against MRSA and VISA at concentrations from 5 µg/mL. Furthermore, the propolis comprises compounds like curcumin and other flavonoids sourced from flavone, which possess the potential for photodynamic activity and other antimicrobial functions. Consequently, Brazilian green propolis holds promise as an excellent bactericidal agent, displaying a synergistic antibacterial property enhanced by light-induced photodynamic effects.

Comparative randomized trial study about the efficacy of photobiomodulation and curcumin antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a coadjuvant treatment of oral mucositis in oncologic patients: antimicrobial, analgesic, and degree alteration effect.

INTRODUCTION: As conventional treatments currently available for mucositis are not considerably effective, there is a need to implement an adjuvant protocol for the treatment of oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by curcumin and blue LED as an adjunct treatment of oral mucositis for oncology patients using chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. METHODS: Clinical, randomized study, in a single location, in an oncology service of a general hospital, with a total of 30 patients (over 18 years old) with stable oral mucosa lesions in the process of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The patients were divided into 3 groups: control group (treated with nystatin), PBM group (treated with low-level laser therapy), and the aPDT group (treated with 450-nm blue LED and curcumin photosensitizer). RESULTS: The results showed, by means of intra-group comparisons, that the two experimental treatments promoted yeast reduction of the genus Candida in the last two evaluations (21 days and 30 days), but not in the first two evaluations (7 days and 14 days). The intra-group comparisons showed that the control and aPDT group showed a significant difference in the degree of mucositis over the four evaluations performed, with the results pointing out that the mucositis worsened in the control group from the 14th day, while reduced in the aPDT group from the 21st day of treatment. CONCLUSION: A reduction in the degree of mucositis and pain score was observed in the PBM and aPDT groups, with the aPDT group standing out when presenting early clinical improvement in relation to the PBM group and the control group, thus emphasizing its effectiveness within the desired aspects. Regarding the antimicrobial effect, aPDT showed a greater reduction of yeasts of the genus Candida in the tested parameters.

Total mouth photodynamic therapy mediated by red LED and porphyrin in individuals with AIDS.

Due to the immune changes resulting from HIV/AIDS infection, systemic and local infections throughout the body are common. The use of high activity antiretroviral therapy has been widely used during treatment, which, added to the use of antibiotics, antifungals, and the patients' own immunocompromised state, cause important changes in the oral microbiota. The emergence of pathological microorganisms and with high resistance to drug therapies are frequent and cause serious damage to the oral health of these patients. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) appears as a promising alternative in the control of these oral infections. The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of a therapeutic protocol for total oral aPDT mediated by a 660-nm red LED (light-emitting diode) associated with porphyrin in individuals with AIDS. Patients were selected by exclusion criteria and randomly distributed into groups to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial aPDT with 50 µg/ml porphyrin associated with the red LED. Before and after the treatments, saliva samples were collected and processed in duplicate in selective culture media. Colonies were counted and the results obtained in Log10 CFU/ml and tested statistically. It was concluded that aPDT was effective in reducing oral enterobacteria, in addition to reducing Streptococcus spp. and general count of microorganisms, when considering the numbers of TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes.

Follow-up of pressure ulcer treatment with photodynamic therapy, low level laser therapy and cellulose membrane.

OBJECTIVE: A pressure ulcer (PU) is an area of tissue trauma caused by continuous and prolonged pressure, often associated with hospitalised patients immobilised due to neurological problems, negatively affecting their quality of life, and burdening the public budget. The aim of this study was to report the follow-up, for 45 weeks, of three patients with neurological lesions due to trauma who subsequently developed PUs, and who were treated with a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT), low level laser therapy (LLLT) and cellulose membrane (CM). METHOD: PDT was mediated by the photosensitiser curcumin on a 1.5% emulsion base. Blue LED light at 450 nm was delivered continuously for 12 minutes at an irradiance of 30mW/cm2 and total energy delivered to the tissue was 22J/cm2. LLLT was performed with 660 nm laser, punctuated and continuous, twice a week with parameters: spot size 0.04cm2, power of 40mW, 10 seconds per point, fluence of 10J/cm2 and irradiance of 1000mW/cm2. RESULTS: All PUs had a significant reduction (range: 95.2-100%) of their area after 45 weeks of follow-up and two PUs had complete healing at 20 weeks and 30 weeks. All of the PUs showed a reduction in contamination with the PDT treatments in different proportions. CONCLUSION: From the results obtained, we conclude that the combination of PDT, LLLT and CM is a promising treatment for PU healing.

Total mouth photodynamic therapy mediated by blue led and curcumin in individuals with AIDS.

OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of an efficient therapeutic protocol for the total mouth antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by 450 nm blue LED associated with curcumin in individuals with AIDS. METHODS: Patients were selected by exclusion criteria and randomly distributed in groups to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial aPDT with curcumin 0.75 mg/mL associated with the blue LED (67 mW/cm2, 20.1 J/cm2). Before and after the treatments, samples were collected from the saliva being processed in duplicate in selective culture media. The colonies were counted and the results obtained in log10 CFU/mL were statistically tested (T-paired statistical test, 5%). RESULTS: The log10 CFU/mL of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and total count of microorganisms showed statistically significant (p = 0.023; p = 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively) reduction after treatment in patients with aPDT. CONCLUSION: aPDT was effective in reducing Streptococcusspp. in addition to reducing Staphylococcusspp., enterobacteria and the total count of microorganisms when considering the numbers of TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes. The aPDT in the studied protocol was able to control clinically important intraoral microorganisms for AIDS patients, both those with TCD4 lymphocytes above or below 25% of normal and those with TCD8 lymphocytes above 25% of normal.

Photodynamic therapy controls of Staphylococcus aureus intradermal infection in mice.

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus lead to skin infections, as well as soft tissues and bone infections. Given the communal resistance to antibiotics developed by strains of this bacterium, photodynamic therapy emerges as a promising alternative treatment to control and cure infections. Females of the Balb/C mice were infected with 108 CFU of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and divided into four distinct groups: P-L- (negative control group), P+L- (group exposed only to curcumin), P-L+ (group exposed only to LED incidence of 450 nm, 75 mW/cm2, and 54 J/cm2 for 10 min), and P+L+ (group exposed to curcumin followed by 10 min of LED irradiation) (n = 24). The mice were euthanized 48 and 72 h after infection, and biologic materials were collected for analysis of the bacterial load, peripheral blood leukocyte counts, and draining lymph nodes cell counts. The normalization of data was checked and the ANOVA test was applied. The bacterial load in the draining lymph node of P+L+ group was lower when compared to the control groups 72 h post infection (p < 0.0001), indicating that the LED incidence associated with curcumin controls of the staphylococci intradermal infection. The number of the total lymph node cells shows to be lower than control groups in the two availed times (p < 0.01). The histological analysis and the counting of white blood cells did not show differences among cells in the blood and in the tissue of infection. This is the first report showing that photodynamic therapy may be effective against MRSA infection in a murine model of intradermal infection.

Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on Candida species isolated from oral samples of children exposed and not exposed to HIV / Efetividade da terapia fotodinâmica sobre espécies de Candida isoladas de amostras bucais de crianças expostas e não expostas ao HIV

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify yeast species isolated from unexposed, exposed and HIV-carrier children, and verify the effectiveness of low power laser photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the yeasts species belonging to the Candida genus. Methods: Fifty children assisted by the Public Health Program of the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, were selected and divided into three groups: unexposed to HIV, exposed to HIV during pregnancy, and HIV-carrier. Saliva samples were collected in a disposable sterile universal container and were plated to Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with 0.1 mg/mL chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Three strains of each patient were identified by using an API 20 C AUX system. The strains were submitted to photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a 660 nm low power laser and methylene blue dye at different times of irradiation (90, 180 and 282 sec.). Results: The results showed that the most prevalent species was Candida albicans followed by Candida famata (second most prevalent in unexposed to HIV and HIV carriers)) and Candida parapsilosis (second most prevalent in exposed to HIV group). The CFU/mL of Candida spp. decreased significantly (p<0,05) in all groups treated with PDT compared to the controls. Photodynamic therapy treatments at different exposure times (e.g., PS+L90+, PS+L180+, PS+L282+) revealed that the exposure time of 282 sec. gave the highest reduction of the mean logarithmic CFU/mL. Conclusion: Candida albicans was the most prevalent Candida species in these three groups and Candida non-albicans species, when combined, amounted to a significant percentage of Candida isolates. Photodynamic therapy was effective in inactivating the Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of children not exposed to HIV, exposed to HIV and HIV-carriers, with the best photodynamic therapy irradiation time being 282 sec.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar espécies de leveduras isoladas de crianças não expostas, expostas ao HIV e portadoras de AIDS, e verificar a eficácia da terapia fotodinâmica com laser de baixa potência sobre as espécies de leveduras pertencentes ao gênero Candida. Métodos: Cinquenta crianças atendidas pelo Programa de Saúde Pública da cidade de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, foram selecionadas e divididas em três grupos: não expostas ao HIV, expostas ao HIV durante a gravidez e portadoras da AIDS. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas em um recipiente universal descartável estéril e foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose suplementado com 0,1 mg / mL de cloranfenicol. As placas foram incubadas a 37°C durante 48h. Três cepas de cada paciente foram identificadas utilizando o sistema API 20 C AUX. As cepas foram submetidas à Terapia Fotodinâmica com laser de baixa potência de 660 nm e corante azul de metileno em diferentes tempos de irradiação (90, 180 e 282 segundos). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a espécie isolada mais prevalente nos grupos estuddos foi Candida albicans, seguida de Candida famata (segunda mais prevalene nos grupos não expostos ao HIV e com AIDS) e Candida parapsilosis (segunda mais prevalente no grupo exposto ao HIV). Houve diminuição significante de CFU/ml de Candida spp. (p <0,05) em todos os grupos tratados com terapia fotodinâmica, em comparação com os controles. A terapia fotodinâmica, nos diferentes tempos (e.g., PS+L90+, PS+L180+, PS+L282+) mostrou que o tempo de 282 seg. apresentou a maior redução em media de logarítmo de UFC/mL. Conclusão: Candida albicans foi a espécie de Candida mais prevalente isolada nos três grupos e as espécies de Candida não-albicans, quando combinadas, contribuíram com porcentagem significativa dos isolados de Candida. A PDT foi eficaz na inativação de Candida spp. isoladas a partir da cavidade oral de crianças não expostas, expostas ao HIV e portadoras da AIDS, com o melhor tempo de irradiação sendo o de 282 seg.

Isolamento de leveduras do gênero Candida em amostras da cavidade bucal de crianças com paralisia cerebral / Isolation of Candida yeast in samples obtained from the oral cavity of children with cerebral palsy

Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar e identificar leveduras do gêneroCandida isoladas de amostras bucais de crianças na faixa etária de 2 a 8 anos com paralisia cerebral, atendidas na associação de pais e amigos dos excepcionais (APAE) em um município do interior da Bahia e atendidas em unidade de saúde da família do mesmo município. Amostras de saliva de 20 crianças (2-8 anos) foram coletadas com auxílio de swabe encaminhadas para processamento no laboratório de Microbiologia onde foram semeadas em Agar Sabouraud Dextrose com cloranfenicol em duplicata e, em seguida, foram incubadas a 35°C±2/ 24h e mais 5 dias à temperatura ambiente para verificação de crescimento de unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitro (UFC.mL-1). Os dados obtidos em UFC.mL-1 foram transformados em logaritmo (Log) e submetidos tanto à análise descritiva quanto ao teste estatístico ANOVA (5%) para observação de diferenças de relevância estatística. Todos os isolados de amostra bucal de crianças do grupo com paralisia cerebral apresentaram positividade para espécies de leveduras do gênero Candida. No grupo de crianças com paralisia cerebral houve um maior isolamento de leveduras de gênero Candida (médialog = 1,8 UFC.mL-1) nas amostras bucais em relação ao grupo de crianças controle (médialog = 0,6 UFC.mL-1). Crianças portadoras de paralisia cerebral apresentam um índice aumentado de espécies de Candida na cavidade bucal que, juntamente com outras condições odontológicas peculiares, predispõem ao aparecimento de candidíases e requerem preparo da equipe de saúde bucal para obtenção de melhores resultados no tratamento direcionado a essa população...

This study aimed to isolate and identify Candida species from oral samples of 2-8 years children with cerebral palsy from the Association of Parents and Friends of Exceptional (APAE) and assisted at the family health unit at a town in the interior of Bahia. Saliva samples from 19 children were collected with a swab and sent for processing in the microbiology laboratory where they were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol in duplicate and then incubated at 35°C±2 for 24h and then 5 days at room temperature to check the growth of colony-forming units per milliliter (UFC.mL-1). Data from UFC.mL-1 were transformed into logarithm (Log) and submitted to descriptive analysis and ANOVA (5%) to observe statistic differences. All oral isolates of children with cerebral palsy were positive for Candida yeast species. Greater isolation of Candida yeasts (medialog = 1.8 UFC.mL-1) was observed in the group of children with cerebral palsy when compared to control group (medialog = 0.6 UFC. mL-1). Children with cerebral palsy have an increased rate of Candida species in the oral cavity, along with other peculiar dental conditions that predispose to candidiasis. Thus proper training of the oral health team is required in order to achieve better results in the treatment of this population...

Sterilizing elastomeric chains without losing mechanical properties. Is it possible?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different sterilization/disinfection methods on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric chains. METHODS: Segments of elastomeric chains with 5 links each were sent for sterilization by cobalt 60 (Co60) (20 KGy) gamma ray technology. After the procedure, the elastomeric chains were contaminated with clinical samples of Streptococcus mutans. Subsequently, the elastomeric chains were submitted to sterilization/disinfection tests carried out by means of different methods, forming six study groups, as follows: Group 1 (control - without contamination), Group 2 (70°GL alcohol), Group 3 (autoclave), Group 4 (ultraviolet), Group 5 (peracetic acid) and Group 6 (glutaraldehyde). After sterilization/disinfection, the effectiveness of these methods, by Colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL), and the mechanical properties of the material were assessed. Student's t-test was used to assess the number of CFUs while ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to assess elastic strength. RESULTS: Ultraviolet treatment was not completely effective for sterilization. No loss of mechanical properties occurred with the use of the different sterilization methods (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Biological control of elastomeric chains does not affect their mechanical properties.

Sterilizing elastomeric chains without losing mechanical properties. Is it possible?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different sterilization/disinfection methods on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric chains. METHODS: Segments of elastomeric chains with 5 links each were sent for sterilization by cobalt 60 (Co60) (20 KGy) gamma ray technology. After the procedure, the elastomeric chains were contaminated with clinical samples of Streptococcus mutans. Subsequently, the elastomeric chains were submitted to sterilization/disinfection tests carried out by means of different methods, forming six study groups, as follows: Group 1 (control - without contamination), Group 2 (70°GL alcohol), Group 3 (autoclave), Group 4 (ultraviolet), Group 5 (peracetic acid) and Group 6 (glutaraldehyde). After sterilization/disinfection, the effectiveness of these methods, by Colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL), and the mechanical properties of the material were assessed. Student's t-test was used to assess the number of CFUs while ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to assess elastic strength. RESULTS: Ultraviolet treatment was not completely effective for sterilization. No loss of mechanical properties occurred with the use of the different sterilization methods (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Biological control of elastomeric chains does not affect their mechanical properties. .

OBJETIVO: verificar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de esterilização/desinfecção nas propriedades mecânicas de elásticos ortodônticos em cadeia. MÉTODOS: segmentos de elástico em cadeia com 5 elos cada foram enviados para esterilização em radiação gama com cobalto 60 (20 KGy). Após esterilização, esses foram contaminados com amostras clínicas de Streptococcus mutans. Passado esse período, foram submetidos aos testes de esterilização/desinfecção por diferentes métodos, formando seis grupos de estudo, assim denominados: Grupo 1 (controle - sem ter sido contaminado), Grupo 2 (álcool 70°GL), Grupo 3 (autoclave), Grupo 4 (ultravioleta), Grupo 5 (ácido peracético) e Grupo 6 (glutaraldeído). Após esterilização/desinfecção, avaliou-se a efetividade desses métodos, por meio de contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias por mL (UFC/mL), e as propriedades mecânicas desses materiais. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para avaliar o número de UFC, além do ANOVA e, posteriormente, do teste de Tukey para avaliação da força. RESULTADOS: verificou-se que o ultravioleta não obteve eficácia total quanto à esterilização. E não ocorreu perda das propriedades mecânicas dos elásticos, com os diferentes métodos de esterilização utilizados (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o controle biológico de elásticos em cadeia não interfere nas suas propriedades mecânicas. .

Prevalence of Candida yeasts in oral samples from children with AIDS and children exposed and not exposed to HIV served by SUS in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Prevalência de leveduras do gênero Candida em amostras bucais de crianças com AIDS, expostas e não-expostas ao HIV atendidas pelo SUS no interior da Bahia-Brasil

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans and non-albicans yeast species isolated from oral samples of children with AIDS and of children exposed and not exposed to HIVduring pregnancy and served by the public health system in a county located in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Saliva samples from 50 children aged between 2 and 12 years treated by SUS (group I = control group, group II = group exposed to HIV without seroconversion, and group III = AIDS carriers) were collected, seeded in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and fungal cultures were grown at 35 ± 2° C for 24 hours. Three isolated colonies were randomly selected from each individual plaque for identification using the API20 AUX Biomerieux® method. RESULTS: The most frequent fungal species in samples from children not exposed to HIV, exposed to HIV, and AIDS carriers was Candida albicans (48.80%, 25.64%, and 58.13%, respectively). Species of Candida non-albicans were also isolated from all groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the higher prevalence of Candida albicans in these groups, non-albicans species represented a significant percentage of Candida isolates. .

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de leveduras do gênero Candida albicans e não-albicans isoladas de amostras bucais de crianças com AIDS, expostas ao HIV durante o período gestacional e não-expostas ao HIV atendidas pelo sistema único de saúde em um município do interior da Bahia- Brasil. MÉTODOS: Para a realização do estudo foram coletadas amostras de saliva de 50 crianças entre 2 e 12 anos atendidas pelo SUS (grupo I = controle; grupo II = expostas ao HIV, sem soroconversão e grupo III = portadoras da AIDS),que após semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose com cloranfenicol, foram incubadas a 35°C±2/ 24h para verificação de crescimento de colônias. Dessas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 3 cepas, de cada indivíduo, para identificação pelo método API 20 AUX da Biomerieux®. RESULTADOS: A espécie mais isolada nas amostras coletadas para os grupos de crianças não expostas ao HIV, expostas ao HIV e portadoras da AIDS foi a Candida albicans (48,8%; 25,64% e 58,13% respectivamente). Foram também isoladas espécies de Candida não-albicans em todos os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que apesar de haver uma prevalência de espécies de Candida albicans isoladas, as espécies não-albicans perfizeram um percentual significativo dos isolados dessa espécie. .

Relation between the craniocervical cephalometric analysis and class I, II and III skeletic patterns in young subjects / Relação entre a análise cefalométrica crânio-cervical e padrões esqueléticos classes I, II e III em indivíduos jovens

The skull posture on the spine is an important factor for the diagnosis of craniomandibulars functional disorders in children, as well as in adults. Alterations in biomechanics may be evidenced in common x-rays. The aim of this study was to relate findings of craniocervical analysis with skeletal pattern Class I, II, III in individuals from 7 to 12 years old. X-rays of 92 individuals were taken by NHP method and digitalized for computerized analysis of skeletic patterns and craniocervical analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to relate craniocervical analysis values with the type of skeletal pattern presented by individuals. For skeletal pattern Class I, II and III, nasopharyngeal soft tissue percentage and oropharyngeal soft tissue linear quantity were above normality value; nasopharyngeal cervical plot was normal and hyoid triangle was positive for the majority of the individuals. The angular relationship between skull and cervical spine show values lower than those considered normal for skeletal pattern class I and II. It was concluded that in the majority of the individuals with skeletal pattern Class I, II and III had high values of airway blockage, head posterior rotation, nasopharyngeal cervical plot with normal values and positive hyoid triangle.

A postura do crânio sobre a coluna é um importante fator para o diagnóstico das desordens craniomandibulares funcionais tanto em crianças quanto em adultos. Alterações na biomecânica podem se evidenciadas em exames radiográficos convencionais. O objetivo neste estudo foi relacionar os achados da análise crânio-cervical com os padrões esqueléticos classe I, II e III em indivíduos com idade entre 7 e 12 anos. Radiografias de 92 indivíduos foram realizadas pelo método da postura natural da cabeça e digitalizadas para a análise computadorizada do padrão esquelético e análise cefalométrica crânio-cervical. A análise descritiva foi utilizada com o intuito de relacionar os valores da análise crânio-cervical com o tipo de padrão esquelético apresentado pelos indivíduos. Para os padrões esqueléticos classe I, II e III a porcentagem de tecido mole da nasofaringe e a quantidade linear de tecido mole da orofaringe estavam acima dos valores normais; o traçado nasofaríngeo-cervical foi normal e o triângulo hioideo positivo para a maioria dos indivíduos. A relação angular entre o crânio e coluna cervical mostrou valores menores do que aqueles considerados normais para os padrões esqueléticos Classe I e II. Pôde-se concluir que a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou altos valores de bloqueio das vias aéreas, rotação posterior do crânio, traçado nasofaríngeo-cervical com valores normais e triângulo hioideo positivo.

Estudo comparativo da influência do método de posicionamento convencional e natural de cabeça para obtenção de radiografias laterais cefalométricas utilizando a análise crânio-cervical / Comparative study of the influence of the conventional method and natural head posture for cephalometric lateral x-rays obtainment using the craniocervical analysis

Atualmente, a cefalometria passa por questionamentos com relação a sua precisão em avaliar o grau e a localização da deformidade a ser tratada. A obtenção das radiografias laterais cefalométricas pela metodologia da postura natural da cabeça tem pouca popularidade no Brasil, talvez pelos poucos estudos existentes sobre o tema. Sendo assim, o objetivo no presente estudo foi verificar se houve diferença nos valores do traçado cefalométrico crânio-cervical, realizado em radiografias laterais cefalométricas digitalizadas obtidas pelas técnicas convencional e com postura natural de cabeça(PNC). Para tal propósito 92 indivíduos com idade cronológica entre 7 a 12 anos foram utilizados no estudo. Tais indivíduos foram radiografados duas vezes, sendo uma pelo método convencional e outra pelo método da postura natural da cabeça. A diferença entre os métodos foi verificada pelo teste de variância Anova dos valores da análise crânio-cervical realizada nas radiografias. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os métodos de posicionamento para obtenção de radiografias laterais cefalométricas. A partir de tais resultados a necessidade da obtenção de radiografias laterais cefalométricas em PNC para a realização da análise crânio-cervical pode não ser fator determinante para a exatidão da análise.

Degradação do revelador Kodak por meio da análise da densidade óptica / Kodak developer degradation by optical density analisis

Introdução - O propósito neste trabalho foi de analisar a degradação do revelador convencional Kodak por meio da análise da densidade óptica de radiografias digitalizadas. Material e métodos - Foram utilizados 57 filmes periapicais Ektaspeed da marca Kodak obtendo-se radiografias da região de molares inferiores de uma mandíbula seca em um aparelho de raios X Gendex 765DC. As películas foram processadas em câmara escura portátil em um número de três ao dia perfazendo um total de 27 dias de experimento. As radiografias foram escaneadas em um scanner HPScanjet 6100C. Resultados - Com o auxílio do software Image Tool 1,27 foi realizada a leitura média das densidades ópticas das películas obtendo-se a curva da degradação. Conclusão - observa-se que o início da degradação se dá com a densidade óptica>80, após 21 dias do início do experimento.

Degradação do revelador kodak por meio da análise da densidade óptica / Kodak developer degradation by optical density analysis

O propósito neste trabalho foi de analisar a degradação do revelador convencional Kodak por meio da análise da densidade óptica de radiografias digitalizadas. Foram utilizados 57 filmes periapicais Ektaspeed da marca Kodak obtendo-se radiografias da região de molares inferiores de uma mandíbula seca em um aparelho de raios X Gendex 765DC. As películas foram processadas em câmara escura portátil em um número de três ao dia perfazendo um total de 27 dias de experimento. As radiografias foram escaneadas em um escaner HPScanjet 6100C e com o auxílio do software Image Tool 1,27 foi realizada a leitura média das densidades ópticas das películas obtendo-se a curva da degradação. Observamos que o início da degradação se dá com a densidade óptica ≥ 80, após 21 dias do início do experimento.

The aim in this study was to analyse the degradation of Kodak conventional developer by analysis of optical density in digitalised radiographs. Fifty seven Kodak Estaspeed periapicals films were used achieving radiographs of molars region of a dry mandible, in a Gendex 765DC machine. The films were processed in a red box three times a day during a period of 27 days. The radiographs were digitalized in a HPSanjet 6100C scanner. Using the Image Tool 1,27 software the mean of optical densities and a degradation curve were acquired. We observed the begining of degradation after 21 days from the first radiograph, when the optical density was ≥ 80.

Avaliação da postural corporal associada às maloclusões de Classe II e Classe III / Evaluation of body posture associated with Class II and Class III malocclusion

Objetivo: Avaliar a postura corporal de indivíduos com maloclusões esqueléticas de Classe II e III. Metodologia: Foram avaliados 59 pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino, com idade cronológica entre 7 e 12 anos. As variáveis posturais frontais (linha biocular, bicomissural e biacromial) e sagitais (lordose lombar e cervical e cabeça anteriorizada) foram analisadas em fotografias digitais de corpo inteiro em norma frontal e sagital. O tipo de maloclusão de Classe II ou III foi verificado por meio de análise cefalométrica. Resultados: Quanto à maloclusão de Classe II, 75% dos pacientes estavam fora da normalidade quanto à lordose lombar. Para lordose cervical, 25% dos pacientes com maloclusão de Classe II e Classe III apresentaram valores fora da normalidade. Noventa e dois por cento dos pacientes com maloclusão de Classe III possuíam a cabeça anteriorizada. Conclusão: Na análise frontal todos os indivíduos da amostra estavam fora do padrão de normalidade para as linhas biocular, bicomissural e biacromial. A postura anteriorizada da cabeça foi a alteração mais visualizada tanto na maloclusão de Classe II quanto na de Classe III.

Purpose: To evaluate body posture of subjects with skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions. Methods: The sample was composed by 59 patients, aged between 7 and 12 years-old, male or female gender. Body posture variables comprised frontal (biocular, bicomissural, and biacromial lines) and saggital (lumbar and cervical lordosis, forward head position) variables, which were analyzed by means of digital photographs of the entire body. Class II or Class III malocclusions were defined by cephalometric analysis. Results: For Class II malocclusion 75% of the patients had abnormal lumbar lordosis. Regarding cervical lordosis, 25% of the patients with Class II and Class III malocclusion presented values out of the normality range. Ninety-two percent of the patients with Class III malocclusion showed forward head position. Conclusion: In the frontal analysis all subjects of this sample were out of the normal pattern for the biocular, bicomissural, and biacromial lines. The forward head posture was the most frequent alteration in subjects with Class II and Class III malocclusion.

Técnica radiográfica alternativa para o tratamento endodôntico / Alternative radiographic technique for endodontic treatment

Objetivo O propósito deste estudo foi adaptar angulações verticais a uma técnica radiográfica extrabucal, utilizando filmes radiográficos periapicais para que possa ser empregada de forma fácil e simplificada. Métodos Onze crânios macerados com suas respectivas mandíbulas foram utilizados. Quatro fios ortodônticos de aço medindo um centímetro de comprimento foram fixados nos espaços interproximais dos dentes posteriores. Um transferidor foi empregado para estabelecer o ângulo bissetor entre dentes e filme. Uma fórmula matemática permitiu determinar as angulações verticais para cada região. As imagens radiográficas foram digitalizadas e mensuradas no software UTHSCSA Image Tool. A análise estatística empregou o teste"t" de Student. Resultados A diferença de 0,477 milímetros entre o comprimento real do fio de aço e sua respectiva imagem, encontrada neste estudo, não se apresentou clinicamente significativa. Conclusão Além da vantagem de não afetar significativamente a qualidade do diagnóstico radiográfico, a técnica extrabucal apresentou-se útil para ser empregada em grupo seletivo de pacientes.

Objective The objective of this study was to adapt vertical angles to an extraoral radiographic technique using periapical radiographic film so that it can be used in an easy and simple manner. Methods Eleven macerated skulls with their respective mandibles were used. Four 1 centimeter stainless steel wires were fixed in the interproximal spaces of the posterior teeth. A protractor was employed to establish the bisector angle between the teeth and the film. A mathematic formula allowed the determination of the vertical angulations for each region. The radiographic images were digitized and measured by specific computer software (UTHSCSA Image Tool). The statistic analysis employed the "t" Student test. Results A difference of 0.477 millimeters between the actual length of the stainless steel wire and its image was found in our study and this difference was not clinically significant. Conclusion Besides the advantage of not affecting the diagnostic quality of the radiograph significantly, the extraoral technique can also be efficiently used in a select group of patients.

Prevalência do canal retromolar (CRM) observado por meio de radiografias panorâmicas / Prevalence of the retromolar canal (RMC) observed in panoramic x-rays

O conhecimento da presença do canal retromolar (CRM) é importante para o cirurgião-dentista no sentido de evitar complicações hemorrágicas em cirurgias para remoção de terceiros molares, bem como contornar a dificuldade em anestesiar corretamente o nervo alveolar inferior, pois arteríolaS, vênulas e nervos emergem do forame retromolar e se direcionam para o músculo temporal, bucinador, região posterior do processo alveolar e região de terceiros molares inferiores. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência do canal retromolar em indivíduos de 7 a 14 anos de idade por meio de radigrafias panorâmicas.Foram utilizadas 575 radiografias panorâmicas pertencentes ao arquivo de Disciplina de Radiologia Odontológica UNESP-FOSJC, entre as idades de 7 a 14 anos. As radiografias foram avaliadas por um único observador, em negatoscópio de bancada. Foi realizada análise da prevalência do aparecimento do canal retromolar em relação às idades (7 a 14 anos), sexo e lado (esquerdo, direito e bilateral). Como resultados obtivemos que para o sexo masculino, na idade de 7 anos, não foi observado o canal em nenhuma radiografia, já na idade de 13 anos, a maior prevalência foi do lado esquerdo (12,12 por cento). Para o sexo feminino a maior prevalência foi de 12,19 por cento na idade de 8 anos, em que houve o aparecimento bilateral da imagem do canal. Concluímos que a prevalência da imagem do canal retromolar observada em radiografias panorâmicas foi baixa, porém, devemos ter em mente que este achado não reflete a real presença do canal retromolar, mas sim a sua visualização em radiografias panorâmicas