ABSTRACT
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a manmade chemical with several industrial applications and also a potential byproduct of many other per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in the environment. Due to the gathered evidence on its environmental persistence, long-range transport, toxicity, and bioaccumulative and biomagnifying properties, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF), were listed for global restriction under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2009. Nevertheless, Brazil has granted an acceptable purpose exemption for using PFOSF to produce sulfluramid (EtFOSA) and to apply it as insecticide to control leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta and Acromyrmex. Previous studies have pointed out EtFOSA as a precursor of PFOS in the environment, including in soils. Therefore, we aimed to confirm the role of EtFOSA in PFOS formation in soils representing areas where sulfluramid-based ant baits are used. A biodegradation assay was carried out by applying technical EtFOSA in triplicate samples of ultisol (PV) and oxisol (LVd) and measuring the contents of EtFOSA, perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and PFOS at seven moments (0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days). The monitored byproducts started being noticed on the 15th day. After 120 days, PFOS yields were 30% for both soils, whereas FOSA yields were 46% (PV soil) and 42% (LVd soil) and FOSAA yields were 6% (PV soil) and 3% (LVd soil). It can be expected that FOSAA and FOSA contents will eventually be converted into PFOS in the environment and that the presence of plants could boost PFOS formation. Therefore, the ongoing extensive and intensive use of sulfluramid-based ant baits pose a considerable source of PFOS to the environment.
Subject(s)
Alkanesulfonic Acids , Fluorocarbons , Soil , Brazil , Fluorocarbons/analysis , Alkanesulfonic Acids/metabolismABSTRACT
The environmental risks of pesticides found in surface waters of an important agricultural basin in Brazil were estimated by adopting two approaches: individual pesticides risk quotients (RQ) and concentration addition model for pesticide mixtures (∑RQs) contained in each water sample. Monitoring was carried out in the Mogi Guaçu River basin, Brazil, from October 2017 to May 2018. Four sampling points were selected in the Mogi Guaçu River and seven in its tributaries A multiresidue method with solid-phase extraction and subsequent analysis by UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS was developed to quantify 19 pesticides. Herbicides, except for simazine, presented the highest detection frequencies with values above 70%. Tebuthiuron was found in all 55 analyzed samples, presenting the highest concentration (6437 ng L-1) over the monitoring period. Fungicides and insecticides showed similar detection frequency (DF) values, ranging from 1.8% to 21.8%. Tebuconazole and carbofuran were the fungicides and insecticides most frequently detected, respectively. January 2018 sampling showed the highest total concentration of pesticides, differing from March 2018 and May 2018 (p < 0.05). The MG2 > TMG8 > MG1 > TMG6 sites showed the highest concentration total of pesticides while MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05) sites showed the lowest values: MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05). Most pesticide occurrences presented no risks to aquatic organisms. Only 19 out of the 175 pesticide occurrences > LOQ presented individual risks to aquatic biota. Contrary to the results obtained by the individual risk assessment, most pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic biota. In 36 out of the 55 samples analyzed during monitoring, pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic life.
Subject(s)
Carbofuran , Fungicides, Industrial , Herbicides , Insecticides , Pesticides , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Fungicides, Industrial/analysis , Herbicides/analysis , Insecticides/analysis , Pesticides/analysis , Risk Assessment , Rivers/chemistry , Simazine/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Water/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
A liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of acrylamide and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF) in baby food. The sample preparation involves acetonitrile-based extraction combined with dispersive primary secondary amine (PSA) cleanup and cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE), which promotes efficient removal of matrix interferences. Analytical selectivity and sensitivity were achieved for the quantification of acrylamide and HDMF in complex matrices such as fruit, cereal and milk-based baby foods; furthermore, adequate linearity (range 10-300µgkg-1) in solvent and matrix-matched calibration curves, and appropriate recoveries (94-110%) and precision (RSD≤10%), under repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, were also obtained. Expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated at the 20µgkg-1 level (limit of quantification) on the basis of data obtained from in-house validation, with values of 25.5 and 16.5% for acrylamide and HDMF, respectively. The fitness for purpose of developed method was verified by analyzing 15 commercial baby foods available in the Brazilian market. Acrylamide was detected in one plum-based baby food (35µgkg-1) while HDMF in 67% of the samples analyzed (levels between 25 and 262µgkg-1).
Subject(s)
Acrylamide/analysis , Chromatography, Liquid , Food Analysis/methods , Food Contamination/analysis , Furans/analysis , Infant Food/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Acetonitriles/chemistry , Animals , Brazil , Edible Grain/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Humans , Infant , Milk/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , Solid Phase ExtractionABSTRACT
Este artigo trata da pesquisa intitulada Sensações do Morar, realizada pelo Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa do Envelhecimento (NEPE) da PUC-SP, acerca dos diversos modos de moradia. A pesquisa revela que a capacidade de decidir, a liberdade de ações e o incremento das relações sociais propiciam e permitem ao idoso se sentir em casa. O estudo apresenta ainda a concretização de um modo de morar para idosos que passam a compartilhar uma moradia, com o suporte de uma organização não-governamental, idosos esses que antes residiam em albergue para pessoas em situação de rua. Apresentamos o percurso dessa convivência e as dificuldades para consolidar um modo de morar que possibilite um elo afetivo entre as pessoas e o lugar.(AU)
This article deals with the research entitled "Sensations of living", performed by the Center for Study and Research on Aging at PUC-SP, the different modes of housing. The research shows that the capacity to decide, freedom and social relationships provide and allow the elderly to feel at home. The study has yet to materialize a way of living for the elderly who come to share a house with the support of a nongovernmental organization, and that people living in hostel for the homeless. Introducing the course of this interaction and the difficulties in consolidating a way of living that allows emotional bond between people and place.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Aged , Housing , Housing for the Elderly , ShelterABSTRACT
Este artigo trata da pesquisa intitulada "Sensações do Morar", realizada pelo Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa do Envelhecimento (NEPE) da PUC-SP, acerca dos diversos modos de moradia. A pesquisa revela que a capacidade de decidir, a liberdade de ações e o incremento das relações sociais propiciam e permitem ao idoso se sentir em casa. O estudo apresenta ainda a concretização de um modo de morar para idosos que passam a compartilhar uma moradia, com o suporte de uma organização não-governamental, idosos esses que antes residiam em albergue para pessoas em situação de rua. Apresentamos o percurso dessa convivência e as dificuldades para consolidar um modo de morar que possibilite um elo afetivo entre as pessoas e o lugar.
This article deals with the research entitled "Sensations of living", performed by the Center for Study and Research on Aging at PUC-SP, the different modes of housing. The research shows that the capacity to decide, freedom and social relationships provide and allow the elderly to feel at home. The study has yet to materialize a way of living for the elderly who come to share a house with the support of a nongovernmental organization, and that people living in hostel for the homeless. Introducing the course of this interaction and the difficulties in consolidating a way of living that allows emotional bond between people and place.
