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1.
Food Nutr Bull ; 31(3 Suppl): S264-71, 2010 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21049846

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: A 2004 UNICEF/UNAIDS/USAID survey in Blantyre, Malawi, examined methods to improve monitoring and evaluation of interventions aimed at orphans and vulnerable children. OBJECTIVE: A derivative of this larger study, the present study utilized the household data collected to assess differences in food security status among orphan households with the aim of helping food security programmers focus resources on the households most affected. METHODS: Orphan households were classified by number and type of orphans supported. Descriptive analyses and logistic regressions were performed to assess differential vulnerability to food insecurity according to these classifications. RESULTS: Multiple-orphan households and multiple-orphan households that cared for at least one foster child were 2.42 and 6.87 times more likely to be food insecure, respectively, than nonorphan households. No other category of orphan household was at elevated risk. CONCLUSIONS: The food security impact of caring for orphans varied significantly among orphan households, requiring food security planners to focus resources on the households most heavily impacted by HIV/AIDS, including multiple-orphan households, rather than focusing on conventional designations of vulnerability, such as orphans and vulnerable children.


Subject(s)
Child, Orphaned , Food Supply , HIV Infections , Adolescent , Child , Child, Orphaned/statistics & numerical data , Child, Preschool , Family Characteristics , Food/economics , Food Supply/economics , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Foster Home Care/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Logistic Models , Malawi/epidemiology , Risk Factors
2.
Rev. nutr ; 21(supl): 159s-173s, jul.-ago. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-492482

ABSTRACT

Food insecurity has been documented in countries throughout the range of national incomes. Most Latin American countries, including Brazil, fall in the middle of this range. Although responses to problems of food insecurity need to be developed for specific contexts, valuable lessons for successful interventions can be learned from both low- and high-income countries. This article begins by describing a continuum of country-level food security contexts. The basic elements of food security, including food availability, access, and utilization, are reviewed as are more recent developments in the field, including livelihood analysis, vulnerability, and risk management strategies. A selection of public sector food security interventions is described that focus on improving agricultural production, increasing employment and household income, developing human capital, and distributing food. Recent international experiences and insights are used to develop themes for orientation of these types of food security interventions in Latin America. These include: the importance of planning relief efforts to be synergistic with long-run development; the tailoring of interventions to the needs of specific contexts; and the related expansion of information systems to support these activities. The article also describes the need to improve food security without leading to over-consumption, a problem of increasing concern in Latin America and elsewhere. Finally, development of local capacity through community-based participatory actions is suggested as a means for improving program outcomes as well as promoting human rights.


A insegurança alimentar tem sido documentada em países de toda a gama de rendas nacionais, desde os países de mais baixa até os de mais alta renda. A maioria dos países latino-americanos, incluindo o Brasil, está no meio deste espectro. Embora as ações direcionadas aos problemas de insegurança alimentar precisem ser desenvolvidas de acordo com contextos específicos, lições valiosas para o êxito das intervenções podem ser aprendidas das experiências dos países de baixa e de alta renda. Este artigo descreve a segurança alimentar nos diferentes contextos nacionais. Os elementos básicos de segurança alimentar, incluindo a disponibilidade de alimentos, o acesso e a utilização são revisados, assim como os desenvolvimentos mais recentes na área, incluindo análises de subsistência, vulnerabilidade e estratégias de gestão de risco. É apresentada uma seleção das intervenções do sector público de segurança alimentar, que se destinam a melhorar a produção agrícola, a aumentar o nível de emprego e da renda familiar, ao desenvolvimento do capital humano e à distribuição de alimentos. Experiências internacionais recentes são utilizadas com o intuito de desenvolver temas para orientação desses tipos de intervenções de segurança alimentar na América Latina. Dentre as quais, se inclui: a importância de que os projetos de auxílio estejam em sinergia com o desenvolvimento em longo prazo, a adaptação das intervenções às necessidades dos contextos específicos e a expansão dos sistemas de informação para apoiar estas atividades. O artigo também descreve a necessidade de melhorar a segurança alimentar sem levar a um excesso de consumo, um problema cada vez mais preocupante, tanto na América Latina como em outros lugares. Finalmente, o desenvolvimento das capacidades locais a partir de ações comunitárias participativas é sugerido, como um meio para melhorar os resultados dos programas assim como assegurar os direitos humanos.

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