Effects of medication management in geriatric patients who have fallen: results of the EMMA mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: comprehensive medication management (CMM) can reduce medication-related risks of falling. However, knowledge about inter-individual treatment effects and patient-related barriers remains scarce. OBJECTIVE: to gain in-depth insights into how geriatric patients who have fallen view their medication-related risks of falling and to identify effects and barriers of a CMM in preventing falls. DESIGN: complementary mixed-methods pre-post study, based on an embedded quasi-experimental model. SETTING: geriatric fracture centre. METHODS: qualitative, semi-structured interviews framed the CMM intervention, including a follow-up period of 12 weeks. Interviews explored themes of falling, medication-related risks, post-discharge acceptability and sustainability of interventions using qualitative content analysis. Optimisation of pharmacotherapy was assessed via changes in the weighted and summated Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) score, number of fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRID) and potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) according to the Fit fOR The Aged and PRISCUS lists using parametric testing. RESULTS: thirty community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years, taking ≥5 drugs and admitted after an injurious fall were recruited. The MAI was significantly reduced, but number of FRID and PIM remained largely unchanged. Many patients were open to medication reduction/discontinuation, but expressed fear when it came to their personal medication. Psychosocial issues and pain increased the number of indications. Safe alternatives for FRID were frequently not available. Psychosocial burden of living alone, fear, lack of supportive care and insomnia increased after discharge. CONCLUSION: as patients' individual attitudes towards trauma and medication were not predictable, an individual and longitudinal CMM is required. A standardised approach is not helpful in this population.

Patient perspectives on, and effects of, medication management in geriatric fallers (the EMMA study): protocol for a mixed-methods pre-post study.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacotherapy is critical in geriatric fallers owing to the vulnerability of this population. Comprehensive medication management can be an important strategy to reduce the medication-related risk of falling in this patient group. Patient-specific approaches and patient-related barriers to this intervention have rarely been explored among geriatric fallers. This study will focus on establishing a comprehensive medication management process to provide better insights into patients' individual perceptions regarding their fall-related medication as well as identifying organisational and medical-psychosocial effects and challenges of this intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study design is a complementary mixed-methods pre-post study which follows the approach of an embedded experimental model. Thirty fallers aged at least 65 years who were on five or more self-managed long-term drugs will be recruited from a geriatric fracture centre. The intervention consists of a five-step (recording, reviewing, discussion, communication, documentation) comprehensive medication management, which focuses on reducing the medication-related risk of falling. The intervention is framed using guided semi-structured pre-post interventional interviews, including a follow-up period of 12 weeks. These interviews will assess patients' perceptions of falls, medication-related risks and gauge the postdischarge acceptability and sustainability of the intervention. Outcomes of the intervention will be measured based on changes in the weighted and summated Medication Appropriateness Index score, number of fall-risk-increasing drugs and potentially inadequate medication according to the Fit fOR The Aged and PRISCUS lists. Qualitative and quantitative findings will be integrated to develop a comprehensive understanding of decision-making needs, the perspective of geriatric fallers and the effects of comprehensive medication management. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of Salzburg County, Austria (ID: 1059/2021). Written informed consent will be obtained from all patients. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DRKS00026739.

Evaluating real-world data in COVID-19 antigen and PCR testing.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 testing is an important pillar in fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Even though billions of tests have been conducted, little is known on performance of testing sites. This is a retrospective observational study with real-world data from a pharmacist-led COVID-19 testing center in Germany during the Omicron subvariant BA.4 and BA.5 wave in June 2022. MATERIALS: The rapid antigen tests employed were purchased from Anbio Biotechnology (Xiamen, China). The RT-PCR was performed on Egens YS-qPCR-1 real-time system with Kewei multiple real-time PCR kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 (Beijing Kewei Clinical Diagnostic Reagent Inc., Beijing, China). METHODS: The study followed the STARD 2015 guideline. In this retrospective cohort study, the performance of testing sites was compared. RESULTS: During the study period, 7,112 patients were tested by rapid antigen tests and 1,025 RT-PCR tests conducted. Included were 233 patients who were referred by other testing sites for confirmation of positive results. A positive predictive value of 99.6% was calculated for the antigen tests in the pharmacist-led testing center. Referred positive patients from non-medical sites were antigen and RT-PCR negative in 16 cases, which led to a positive predictive value of 88.8%. Difference between site performance was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that nucleic acid amplification confirmation is crucial in the context of the current testing strategy in Germany. Higher standards in antigen-testing, however, can make nucleic acid amplification in active COVID-19 infections unnecessary and testing cost efficient. This study provides the first data in the world on COVID-19 testing performance, and how it can be optimized.

Different dissolution conditions affect stability and dissolution profiles of bioequivalent levodopa-containing oral dosage forms.

Parkinson's disease is frequently treated with combinations of levodopa/carbidopa and, at the occurrence of motor fluctuations, levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone. For these (and other) medications, using generic versions can reduce costs. To show that generic drugs are equivalent to the originator drug, regulations usually refer to the bioavailability of active ingredients, which is influenced by the selected dosage form and the chosen excipients. However, while registration trials administer drugs under standardized conditions, these conditions often do not reflect the conditions of patients' daily intake. Thus, this study aimed to characterize levodopa combinations from different manufacturers in biorelevant media. Dissolution profiles of bioequivalent levodopa/carbidopa combinations and levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone combinations were tested in different media, such as tap water, gastric fluid without pepsin and whole milk. Results showed distinct discrepancies in the drugs' dissolution profiles between manufactures. Using whole milk as a dissolution medium led to the most differing dissolution profiles. Furthermore, carbidopa was unstable in tap water and milk, and it rapidly degraded. This effect was less pronounced if entacapone was present. In contrast to reports in the literature, stability testing did not show that vitamin C helps to protect against carbidopa degradation. Entacapone hardly dissolved in an acidic environment. This study found that dissolution of bioequivalent levodopa formulations varied with changing media. Further, the stability of carbidopa was found to be critical. As an implication, an acidic environment must be ensured when these drugs are applied, and generic exchange of levodopa combinations should be considered only with great caution.

COVID-19 vaccinations in German pharmacies: A survey on patient and provider satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccinations applied in pharmacies can facilitate accessibility and potentially increase the vaccination rate but remain controversial in many countries. This study aimed to explore the patients' motivation to receive their COVID-19 vaccination in a pharmacy and examine patient and provider satisfaction with this novel service. METHODS: The study was designed as an explorative cross-sectional multicenter in-house quantitative survey and was conducted during the first weeks of COVID-19 vaccinations in German pharmacies from February to April 2022. The survey consisted of a paper-based questionnaire with scaling questions, multiple choice questions and open questions. Patients were recruited consecutively before their vaccination and completed the survey directly after the service. Vaccinating pharmacists were also invited to answer a questionnaire on their experiences, motivation and expectations. RESULTS: A total of 427 questionnaires out of 11 pharmacies were be included. The overall patient satisfaction with vaccinations in pharmacies was rated with the highest remarks by 91.5% of the participants, another 7.8% were fairly satisfied. Patient satisfaction with scheduling, waiting time, information, hygiene, vaccination technique and a feeling of safety was very high (96.5-97.9%). Patients' motivation on COVID-19 vaccination was to prevent severe COVID-19 symptoms (88.9%) and to protect others (72.3%). Easy accessibility, low barriers and proximity were other reasons for utilizing this service, mentioned by 61.8% of the patients. Pharmacists were highly motivated and found the task meaningful but experienced considerable personnel shortage. General practitioners rather expressed relief on their workload. CONCLUSIONS: Data of this study strongly supports to include pharmacies as additional providers of COVID-19 vaccinations. Patients stated marked satisfaction with this setting and expressed a feeling of safety and trust. Whereas most patients may have utilized the service for convenience, easy accessibility and low barriers were appreciated and can potentially contribute to higher vaccination rates.

Effects of Generic Exchange of Levodopa Medication in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Generic exchange is common practice in most healthcare systems. This study investigated how patients with Parkinson disease (PD) perceived a switch of their levodopa medication and the resulting effects on their PD symptoms. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed, piloted, and finally distributed to 13,857 members of the national PD patient support group. It was designed to be completed by patients and their pharmacies. χ 2 tests for independence statistics with or without Monte Carlo simulation were performed. Cramér φ and Cramér V were calculated. McNemar test was used to investigate whether a generic switch of a levodopa-containing medication had an impact on PD symptoms. RESULTS: Analyses were done with 410 finalized respondents of 13,857 distributed questionnaires. More than half of the responders were 75 years or older and rated themselves Hoehn and Yahr stages 3 to 5. Most patients were confused by a change of their medication. A total of 54.7% of the switchers (n = 148) reported swallowing difficulties with medication, which was significantly more frequent than with nonswitchers (37.3% of 204, P = 0.001). Adverse effects related to the switch were reported by 26.6% of all switchers (switchback rate, 20.5%). The patients at higher Hoehn and Yahr stages were affected to a greater extend. CONCLUSIONS: Patients, who experienced any brand switch of their levodopa medication, frequently expressed distrust and confusion. Swallowing difficulties and negative effects on their symptoms were problems, which were more pronounced in advanced disease stages. It remains unclear whether the detrimental impact on therapy was caused by the brand switch or by a nocebo effect.

Exploring instruments used to evaluate potentially inappropriate medication use in hospitalised elderly patients in Kosovo.

OBJECTIVES: A number of instruments are used to identify potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in the elderly. In this study we identify PIMs in elderly patients and aim to compare three different instruments used to assess PIMs. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we compared medications of elderly patients against three commonly used instruments: Beers' list, PRISCUS and STOPP/START, at the point of hospital admission and discharge in the nephrology clinic of Kosovo's largest hospital. Readmission risk was evaluated using the LACE Index and correlations with the number of PIMs and PIMs criteria were analysed. RESULTS: Of 184 patients admitted to the nephrology clinic, 84 met study inclusion criteria. Patients had a median of three drugs at admission and four at discharge. Hospital readmission risk was high with median LACE Index being 11 (63% of patients). A higher number of PIMs was associated at the point of discharge compared with admission for all three tools (Beers' list: 29% vs 38 %, P=0.04; STOPP/STRART: 20% vs 23%, P<0.001; PRISCUS list: 12% vs 21%, P<0.001). The number of drugs at admission predicted the number of PIMs at discharge only when using Beers' criteria (P=0.006). At discharge, each increase in medication was associated with an increase in PIMs based on Beers' [0.134; (P=0.007)] and STOPP/START criteria [0.130; (P=0.005)]. Nitrofurantoin was the main PIM identified with Beers' and PRISCUS list in comparison to proton- pump-inhibitors being the most prevalent agents identified with STOPP/START criteria. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences when using Beers' criteria, STOPP/START criteria and PRISCUS list during identification of PIMs in elderly patients with high readmission risk. These differences should be considered when identifying PIMs in hospital settings.

Enhancing medication therapy in Parkinson's disease by establishing an interprofessional network including pharmacists.

Background Optimizing therapy regimens through collaboration and combination of available resources is a promising approach to improve quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Aim The aim of this project was to enhance patient-oriented therapy and interprofessional collaboration by establishing a regional PD network. Setting The network is located in a rural area in Germany. It covers primary, secondary and tertiary care facilities across professional boundaries. Development Recruitment of PD specialists and patient support groups was done by the local newspaper to spread the word. The network was initially open to all healthcare professionals, who stated a focus or special interest in PD. A working group for medication was founded within the network by asking for interested participants. Problems in the medication process were discussed within the group. As a consequence, therapy recommendations (quickcards) and a specific medication plan were developed and a certified education curriculum for pharmacists was developed. Implementation The network grew to > 150 participants across all disciplines and sectors. Quickcards were adjusted, approved and implemented by the network during interquartile meetings. Certified education was implemented and became a requirement for participating pharmacists. Evaluation The quickcards on medication plan and drug-drug-interactions were approved to be useful and feasible by the network by unanimous assent. Overall satisfaction with certified education was high (mean of 1.4 on a scale between 1 = high and 6 = low). Conclusion A regional interprofessional PD network with pharmacists was established and new standards were established. Future research needs to measure the effects on patient outcomes.

An Algorithm for Comprehensive Medication Management in Nursing Homes: Results of the AMBER Project.

INTRODUCTION: There are several barriers to conducting medication management in nursing homes. Our project aimed to develop an algorithm that guides and supports pharmacists to perform this clinical service. METHODS: Phase I of the project examined the practitioner and patient perspectives on the medication process in nursing homes. The mixed methods approach consisted of interviews with qualitative content analysis and a quantitative questionnaire. Phase IIa scoped existing research and comprised a three-stepped systematic review. It was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42017065002). Results of the first two steps were assessed for quality. Phase IIb was performed as a Delphi survey. The developed algorithm was tested in nursing homes. The primary endpoint was the number and type of detected drug-related problems. The study was conducted between June 2016 and December 2018 (Deutsches-Register-Klinischer-Studien-ID: DRKS00010995). RESULTS: Interviews were held with 21 healthcare practitioners and six patients. Frequent and relevant aspects of the medication process in nursing homes were identified. The systematic reviews included 28 reviews, 12 interventional studies and 1450 non-interventional studies. As a result of the Delphi survey, two new aspects were added. Testing of the drafted algorithm was done in 73 nursing home residents. A mean of 6.3 drug-related problems were detected. Sample cases were executed in a mean time of 21 min by community pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: The developed and consented algorithm can guide pharmacists in conducting medication management in a timely and effective manner. It might serve as a facilitator to improve collaboration and quality of medication in nursing home residents.

Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) drug-related problem classification version 9.00: German translation and validation.

Background The drug-related problem classification system of the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) is well established and continuously updated. A translated version of the drug-related problem classification system can facilitate research and implementation of clinical pharmacy services in the corresponding countries. Aim This study aimed to translate and validate the current version 9.00 into German language. Method The forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version 9.00 into German language. Validation was done with 20 patient cases. Consistency was calculated in percentage and compared to international results. Results Translation of the classification system yielded in a German version. Validation was done with 32 pharmacists and 20 patient cases. In the five primary domains, average consistencies of 77.3% (problem), 57.8% (cause), 57.4% (intervention), 74.5% (acceptance) and 74.9% (status) were achieved. Ambiguities were found in some patient cases, as raters came to differing but plausible codes. Conclusions This study provides a German translation of the PCNE classification for drug related problems of approximately similar consistency as the international version. It hence can be considered to classify drug-related problems in German speaking countries. Patient cases need to be more specific in future validations, feasibility and layout of the classification system need to improve.

Quickcard-Based Approach to Guiding Specific Nonpharmacological Treatments in a German Parkinson's Network.

Interdisciplinary care has been shown to be effective at optimizing the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. An optimized collaboration between the various healthcare providers involved in the treatment process facilitates successful care. One of the main shortcomings in the German healthcare system is the limited and unstandardized communication between practitioners. The Parkinson's network Münsterland+ (PNM+) is an interdisciplinary network of medical and non-medical experts involved in the treatment of Parkinson's patients: neurologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychologists, Parkinson's nurses, pharmacists, patients, and relatives. The PNM+ elaborates guideline-based therapy recommendations, provided as so-called "Quickcards". Thereby, the communication of the treating neurologist and therapists is based on a coordinated feedback system and suggestions to adequately select and, if necessary, adjust the therapy. In the German healthcare system, with its fragmented structures, the PNM+ and its activities have been shown to enhance integration of the healthcare providers and thereby optimize the care of Parkinson's disease patients. Future research should evaluate the effects and cost-effectiveness.

Effects of generic exchange of solid oral dosage forms in neurological disorders: a systematic review.

Background Generic drug exchange is common practice in most healthcare systems. While generics certainly contribute to economic savings, the altered drug formulation might be associated with potential therapeutic problems. Given the narrow therapeutic windows in neurologic indications, any detrimental effect on the therapy can lead to significant consequences. Aim of the review This review aims to investigate potential problems related to a switch from brand-name to generic or from generic to generic drug products in patients with neurologic diseases. Method The review was conducted following the PICO framework and the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched for articles published in English and German language between January 1, 1995 and October 17, 2018. Studies included in this review were randomized controlled studies, reviews, systematic reviews, overviews, cohort studies and case-control studies. Studies excluded were letters, comments, authors view, congress or seminar papers and studies with a focus on economic impact or costs. Results were synthesized qualitatively. The primary outcomes were pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the curve (AUC), the peak serum concentration (cmax) or the time at which cmax is observed (tmax). Results The search identified 67 studies with a great variety of endpoints and study designs. The leading indication was epilepsy. Two small RCTs were found on lamotrigine switch. Analysis of the other studies found no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters when switching to generic drugs. A more heterogeneous picture was revealed regarding hospitalizations, breakthrough seizures, failure of therapy, adherence and patient concerns. Conclusion While most reports were of poor quality, lamotrigine was the drug with the best available data. Summarizing the results of the available studies, pharmacokinetic parameters of antiepileptic drugs show low deviation. In contrast, data on clinical parameters are less consistent. Some studies found increased seizure frequencies and adverse-drug events, while others showed no complications. Adherence and patient satisfaction seemed to be impaired. In daily practice, generic exchange in epilepsy should be a carefully balanced decision, conducted with great caution. Further research is needed, especially regarding neurologic indications other than epilepsy.

Patient selection and general practitioners' perception of collaboration in medication review.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of collaborative Medication Review (MR) into routine care faces several barriers. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to gain information on patient selection for a MR by general practitioners (GPs). GP selection was compared to objective selection criteria on identifying patients, who would benefit from a MR the most. A secondary objective of this study was to get insight into GPs perception on interprofessional collaboration with pharmacists. METHODS: GPs were interviewed for a qualitative study on expected outcomes of MR in former study patients. They were asked to select patients, for whom they expected a major benefit from the MR. Results were compared to objective selection criteria, obtained from the WestGem study. Further interviews were done on aspects of patient selection and perception of interprofessional collaboration, results were presented descriptively. RESULTS: The study covered 6 GPs with 78 former study patients. GPs would have chosen 45 out of the 78 patients (57.7%) for a MR. According to changes in the Medication Appropriateness Index, 24 of these patients had a greater benefit from the MR. Patient selection by the number of prescribed drugs had reached a higher specificity at a cut-off of 9 drugs, compared to selection by the GP (67% vs. 61.5%). GPs mentioned medication safety, certain diseases, polymedication, multimorbidity as selection criteria. Increasing quality of therapy and better insight into the patient's drug regimen was appreciated by the GPs as perceived personal advantage of the MR. GPs preferred to have a MR initiated by themselves, but appraised concise interprofessional collaboration with pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: Patient selection for MR should take objective parameters into account and combine them with subjective impressions. GPs preferred the initiation of a MR by themselves but expressed a positive attitude towards collaboration with a pharmacist afterwards. Recommendations should be relevant and concise.

PharmAdhere: training German community pharmacists with Objective Structured Clinical Examinations.

Background Pharmacists who engage in Pharmaceutical Care need skills to optimise responsible medication use and increase medication adherence. Objectives We developed and evaluated a blended-learning programme for German community pharmacists that focused on conducting consultations in chronic diseases. Setting Community pharmacists in Germany. Method Interventional study with pre-post design. We combined e-learning with Objective Standardised Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) for emergency situations, initiation/implementation of medication therapy and detection of symptoms of four chronic diseases. Specific procedures were defined in the Pharmaceutical Action Plan. Skills were measured with a global analytical marking sheet derived from the Medication Related Consultation Framework and scored with the Canadian criticality/relevancy matrix. Time limits matched real practice scenarios. Main outcome measures Changes in knowledge (difference of test results before and after e-learning) and changes in skills (difference in scores of the OSCEs before and after training). Results 22 out of the 26 pharmacists enrolled, completed the study. The number of correctly answered questions increased significantly after the e-learning for all four indications with a mean number of additional correct answers between 3.86 and 4.9 points out of 15 (p < 0.001). The sums of the analytical checklist points in percentages increased significantly in all topics from the baseline summative OSCE to the final summative OSCE between 6.14 and 31.85% (p < 0.001). The maximum duration of consultation per patient was less than 10 min in all OSCEs. Conclusion The use of e-learning and OSCEs was well received by participants and is a successful method to deliver practical Pharmaceutical Care training.

Development of clinical pharmacy services in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, Germany, Japan, Kosovo, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Thailand, USA and correlation with educational standards, level of research, and implemen.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare determinants of professional development between different countries to identify barriers and facilitators of development towards clinical pharmacy services and stimulate discussion of under-used potential and opportunities. MATERIALS: The study was conceived as a survey. The questionnaire was administered to a group of experts. METHODS: The survey was conducted as a cross-sectional study with descriptive and correlation analysis. A questionnaire was developed and adjusted to the study focus, covering aspects on general regulations for community pharmacies, professional education, implementation of clinical pharmacy services, and research in patient care. Results were compared for analyses. RESULTS: A total of twelve countries were included in this survey. Pharmacy studies took between 4 and 6 years plus residency in most countries. Curricula remained drug-oriented only in Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Germany; these three countries had the least pharmacotherapy content in their curricula. Canada, the USA, and Australia have established clinical pharmacy services in almost all fields of practice. Most other countries have implemented at least some clinical services, with the exception of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, and Kosovo. The correlation coefficient between education, research, and implementation was 0.91. CONCLUSION: The results of the survey show that clinical pharmacy services are established to very different extents among the participating countries. The strong correlation suggests that achieving a successful transition in professional practice needs to address several aspects of education and research to reach progress. The collected data might help to identify potential areas of improvement to foster implementation of clinical pharmacy services.
.

Development and evaluation of an algorithm-based tool for Medication Management in nursing homes: the AMBER study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Residents of nursing homes are susceptible to risks from medication. Medication Reviews (MR) can increase clinical outcomes and the quality of medication therapy. Limited resources and barriers between healthcare practitioners are potential obstructions to performing MR in nursing homes. Focusing on frequent and relevant problems can support pharmacists in the provision of pharmaceutical care services. This study aims to develop and evaluate an algorithm-based tool that facilitates the provision of Medication Management in clinical practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is subdivided into three phases. In phase I, semistructured interviews with healthcare practitioners and patients will be performed, and a mixed methods approach will be chosen. Qualitative content analysis and the rating of the aspects concerning the frequency and relevance of problems in the medication process in nursing homes will be performed. In phase II, a systematic review of the current literature on problems and interventions will be conducted. The findings will be narratively presented. The results of both phases will be combined to develop an algorithm for MRs. For further refinement of the aspects detected, a Delphi survey will be conducted. In conclusion, a tool for clinical practice will be created. In phase III, the tool will be tested on MRs in nursing homes. In addition, effectiveness, acceptance, feasibility and reproducibility will be assessed. The primary outcome of phase III will be the reduction of drug-related problems (DRPs), which will be detected using the tool. The secondary outcomes will be the proportion of DRPs, the acceptance of pharmaceutical recommendations and the expenditure of time using the tool and inter-rater reliability. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study intervention is approved by the local Ethics Committee. The findings of the study will be presented at national and international scientific conferences and will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DRKS00010995.

Discrepancies between home medication and patient documentation in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Medication Reconciliation leads to quick detection of drug-related problems, studies in ambulatory care are scarce. The recently introduced Medication Plan in Germany serves as an ideal basis for Medication Reconciliation. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to provide accurate data on the magnitude of discrepancy between the prescription and the actually taken medicine. Clinical relevance of discrepancies was assessed to estimate the impact on medication safety. METHODS: Patients were assessed at home, data was reconciled with the physician's documentation. Discrepancies were analyzed and stratified. Risk for hospitalization, risk for falls and the potential for drug-drug interactions was estimated based on literature. Drugs were tested for its origin and grouped to indication clusters. Detected DRPs at a Medication Review were linked to the results at Medication Reconciliation. RESULTS: Medication of 142 elderly patients from 12 practices was reconciled. 1498 drugs were found at the home assessment, 1099 (73.4%) of which were detected in the physician's documentation. 94.4% of the patients were affected by discrepancies. A total of 2.8 ± 2.4 drugs was undocumented per patient. 26.6% of missing drugs were prescribed by medical specialists, 42.5% of drugs of unknown origin were prescription drugs. 53.9% of the patients used a undocumented drug, which carried a high risk for hospitalization. 23.1% of the drugs not covered were used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. 65.8% of the differing drugs caused at least one DRP. CONCLUSION: A high discrepancy between the drugs used by the patient and the medication documented by the primary care physician could be found. Relating drugs had a profound systemic effect and were particular relevant to medication safety. Many drugs were prescription drugs. The majority of differing drugs caused DRPs. A collaborative Medication Reconciliation as part of a Medication Management could compile the entire medication and increase patient safety.

Prospective systemic risk analysis of the dispensing process in German community pharmacies.

BACKGROUND: Medicine dispensing represents an error-prone activity, carrying a considerable risk for patients. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively identify and prioritize potential failure modes in the medicine dispensing process as well as to develop corrective actions for patient safety improvement in German community pharmacies. METHOD: Failure mode and effects analysis was performed in 2 community pharmacies in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in October 2016. A 9-member team was assembled, comprising of a leader and process experts who prospectively assessed the medicine dispensing process by brainstorming, quantified the attributed risks, proposed corrective actions, and reassessed the risks. RESULTS: The analysis identified 39 failure modes, out of which the highest criticality scores were assigned to inadequate assessment of therapy appropriateness (Risk Priority Number 45), reluctance to deviate from rebate contracts (36), and dispensing the wrong medicine (30). The corrective actions proposed demonstrated a considerable potential for risk reduction in most failure modes, the most effective of which were introducing obligatory continuous education for pharmacists, organizing communication training, and implementing electronic prescribing. CONCLUSION: This analysis not only detected various potential safety issues concerning the dispensing in Germany but also strongly indicated that application of failure mode and effects analysis could be highly effective in prospective risk reduction in community pharmacies.