Arabic-language digital interventions for depression in German routine health care are acceptable, but intervention adoption remains a challenge.

Migrants face many barriers to mental health care, such as different cultural concepts of distress, unfamiliar pathways to care, and language. Digital mental health interventions are effective and scalable in multi-language versions. However, their implementation into routine care is in its infancy. Here, we report on the Arabic- and German-language implementation of two digital interventions in Germany: The iFightDepression® website, providing information about depression to the public, and the iFightDepression® tool, offering guided self-management for depression. Our main goal is to gain empirical knowledge about the success of their implementation and provide evidence-based recommendations for improvement. Data for the current analyses stem from convenience samples, utilizing anonymized user logs of the iFightDepression® website and 15.307 user accounts in the iFightDepression® tool. We found that the acceptability (time on page, usage behavior) of both digital interventions was comparable between the two user groups. The website pervasiveness of the target populations was nine times lower among Arab migrants in Germany than Germans (89 vs. 834 unique page views/ 100,000 inhabitants), but the increase in views was superior and sustained over three years. The adoption of the tool was lower among Arabic than German users (conversion rate from invitation to completed registration: 30.8% vs. 59.0%, p < 0.001) and appropriateness was challenged as Arabic users reported higher depression severities upon first registration (p = 0.027). Our results show that the uptake of digital interventions for migrants requires facilitation and further tailoring to the needs of the target group.

Preparation of Confined One-Dimensional Boron Nitride Chains in the 1-D Pores of Siliceous Zeolites under High-Pressure, High-Temperature Conditions.

Low-dimensional boron nitride (BN) chains were prepared in the one-dimensional pores of the siliceous zeolites theta-one (TON) and Mobil-twelve (MTW) by the infiltration, followed by the dehydrocoupling and pyrolysis of ammonia borane under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions. High-pressure X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell and in a large-volume device was used to follow in situ these different steps in order to determine the optimal conditions for this process. Based on these results, millimeter-sized samples of BN/TON and BN/MTW were synthesized. Characteristic B-N stretching vibrations of low-dimensional BN were observed by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The crystal structures were determined using a combination of X-ray diffraction and density functional theory with one and two one-dimensional zig-zag (BN)x chains per pore in BN/TON and BN/MTW, respectively. These 1-D BN chains potentially have interesting photoluminescence properties in the far ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Continuous eclogite melting and variable refertilisation in upwelling heterogeneous mantle.

Large-scale tectonic processes introduce a range of crustal lithologies into the Earth's mantle. These lithologies have been implicated as sources of compositional heterogeneity in mantle-derived magmas. The model being explored here assumes the presence of widely dispersed fragments of residual eclogite (derived from recycled oceanic crust), stretched and stirred by convection in the mantle. Here we show with an experimental study that these residual eclogites continuously melt during upwelling of such heterogeneous mantle and we characterize the melting reactions and compositional changes in the residue minerals. The chemical exchange between these partial melts and more refractory peridotite leads to a variably metasomatised mantle. Re-melting of these metasomatised peridotite lithologies at given pressures and temperatures results in diverse melt compositions, which may contribute to the observed heterogeneity of oceanic basalt suites. We also show that heterogeneous upwelling mantle is subject to diverse local freezing, hybridization and carbonate-carbon-silicate redox reactions along a mantle adiabat.

The discovery of kimberlites in Antarctica extends the vast Gondwanan Cretaceous province.

Kimberlites are a volumetrically minor component of the Earth's volcanic record, but are very important as the major commercial source of diamonds and as the deepest samples of the Earth's mantle. They were predominantly emplaced from ≈2,100 Ma to ≈10 ka ago, into ancient, stable regions of continental crust (cratons), but are also known from continental rifts and mobile belts. Kimberlites have been reported from almost all major cratons on all continents except for Antarctica. Here we report the first bona fide Antarctic kimberlite occurrence, from the northern Prince Charles Mountains, emplaced during the reactivation of the Lambert Graben associated with rifting of India from Australia-Antarctica. The samples are texturally, mineralogically and geochemically typical of Group I kimberlites from more classical localities. Their ≈120 Ma ages overlap with those of many kimberlites from other world-wide localities, extending a vast Cretaceous, Gondwanan kimberlite province, for the first time, into Antarctica.

Water and its influence on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.

The Earth has distinctive convective behaviour, described by the plate tectonics model, in which lateral motion of the oceanic lithosphere of basaltic crust and peridotitic uppermost mantle is decoupled from the underlying mechanically weaker upper mantle (asthenosphere). The reason for differentiation at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is currently being debated with relevant observations from geophysics (including seismology) and geochemistry (including experimental petrology). Water is thought to have an important effect on mantle rheology, either by weakening the crystal structure of olivine and pyroxenes by dilute solid solution, or by causing low-temperature partial melting. Here we present a novel experimental approach to clarify the role of water in the uppermost mantle at pressures up to 6 GPa, equivalent to a depth of 190 km. We found that for lherzolite in which a water-rich vapour is present, the temperature at which a silicate melt first appears (the vapour-saturated solidus) increases from a minimum of 970 °C at 1.5 GPa to 1,350 °C at 6 GPa. We have measured the water content in lherzolite to be approximately 180 parts per million, retained in nominally anhydrous minerals at 2.5 and 4 GPa at temperatures above and below the vapour-saturated solidus. The hydrous mineral pargasite is the main water-storage site in the uppermost mantle, and the instability of pargasite at pressures greater than 3 GPa (equivalent to more than about 90 km depth) causes a sharp drop in both the water-storage capacity and the solidus temperature of fertile upper-mantle lherzolite. The presence of interstitial melt in mantle with more than 180 parts per million of water at pressures greater than 3 GPa alters mantle rheology and defines the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Modern asthenospheric mantle acting as the source for mid-oceanic ridge basalts has a water content of 50-200 parts per million (refs 3-5). We show that this matches the water content of residual nominally anhydrous minerals after incipient melting of lherzolite at the vapour-saturated solidus at high pressure.