Outdoor Inclined Plastic Column Photobioreactor: Growth, and Biochemicals Response of Arthrospira platensis Culture on Daily Solar Irradiance in a Tropical Place.

Implementation of outdoor photobioreactors has been challenged by an extremely oversaturated daily peak of solar irradiance. This study aims to understand the role of column size and paranet shading as well as to investigate the most convenient light control in outdoor cyanobacterial culture. The photobioreactor (PBR) consisted of plastic columns with a diameter of 12.74 cm (PBRd-20) and 31.85 cm (PBRd-50) laid outdoors and inclined at 158.22° upwards against solar radiation, while paranet shading was provided at 0%, 50%, 70%, and 90% shading capacity. A semi-continuous culture of cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was conducted for 6 weeks with weekly monitoring of the growth parameter as well as the proximate and pigments content, while the daily irradiance and culture maximum temperature were recorded. The result shows that the column diameter of 12.74 cm had a lethal risk of 44.7% and this decreased to 10.5% by widening the column diameter to 31.85 cm. This lethal risk can be eliminated by the application of a paranet at a 50% reduction level for the column diameter of 31.85 cm and a 70% reduction level for the column diameter of 12.74 cm. The highest culture productivity of 149.03 mg/(L·day) was achieved with a PBRd-20 with 50% shading treatment, but a PBRd-50 with 90% shading treatment led to an increase in the protein and phycocyanin content by 66.7% and 14.91%, respectively.

Suppression of Wnt Expression by Increasing PI3K in Rats Cervical Carcinoma by Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death for women in the world and Indonesia. This disease originates from a malignant tumour of squamous epithelial cells caused by infection with the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress in and there are plants from Indonesia that have high antioxidants, namely andaliman (<i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>). This study aimed to analyze the role of andaliman on PI3K and Wnt signalling in cervical cancer histology. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study includes 5 treatments. The control group (K-), rats cancer model (K+), rats cancer model+the dose is 100 mg/b.wt. of ZAM (P₁), rats cancer model+the dose is 200 mg/b.wt. of ZAM (P₂) and rats cancer model+the dosage is 400 mg/b.wt. ZAM (P₃). On the 30th day after ZAM administration, the rats were dissected for the paraffin block and Wnt and PI3K immunohistochemical staining was prepared. <b>Results:</b> There was a significant difference between all groups (p<0.001) in Wnt and PI3K expression. The real role of ZAM in cervical cancer tissue was seen at the highest ZAM dose (P₃). Irregular mucosal folds and stretched interstitial connective tissue in the K+ group can return to regularity and improve at the P₃ dose. The administration of ZAM showed a significant difference in cervical tissue after benzopyrene injection. <b>Conclusion:</b> Andaliman (<i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>) extract increases PI3K expression through suppression of Wnt expression. It can be developed therapy molecularly to prevent cell growth into cancer.

Correlation of Myc Expression with Wee1 Expression by Zanthoxylum acanthopodium in Cervical Carcinoma Histology.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Natural herbs and molecular therapy can be used to treat cervical cancer. The Myc and Wee1 control tumour cell fate and microenvironmental changes like angiogenesis activation and host immune response suppression. The study aims to know about the correlation of Myc and Wee1 expressions as a molecular therapy given by <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> There are five rat groups: Group K is the untreated group, Group K⁺ is the rats injected with benzopyrene, Group P₁ is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 100 mg kg¹ b.wt., Group P₂ is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 200 mg kg¹ b.wt. and Group P₃ is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 400 mg kg¹ b.wt. The rats are dissected 30 days after receiving <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>. To stain the cervical tissues, immunohistochemistry is performed. <b>Results:</b> <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> administration caused epithelial thickening and decreased Myc expression in previously uncontrolled carcinomas from untreated malignancies, which now slowed and stopped growing into the normal epithelium. Wee1 expression revealed that this herb could repair tissue by drastically reducing Wee1 expression at a dose of 100-400 mg kg¹ b.wt. Similarly, at the highest dose, cervical carcinoma stops growing and the nucleus begins to form normally (p<0.01). <b>Conclusion:</b> The higher Myc expression on andaliman administration in cervical carcinoma decreases Wee1 expression in cervical carcinoma so these two proteins have a strong and significant correlation. <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> can be administered at various dosages to lower the number of positive indexes of Myc and Wee1 expression in cervical carcinoma.

Diabetic Wound Healing in FGF Expression by Nano Herbal of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa L. and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Fruits.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Increased glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients affect angiogenesis which triggers the duration of the wound to heal. <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> leaves (haramonting) and <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium </i>fruits (andaliman) are an endemic plant with an antioxidant in Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine histology changes of diabetic wound healing in FGF expression by Nano herbal of haramonting and andaliman. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study consisted of 4 groups for each treatment, K₁: Negative control, K₂: MEBO, K₃: Nano herbal of andaliman and K₄: Nano herbal of haramonting. The treatments were observed on days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Diabetic model rats with alloxan injection (120 mg kg¹. IP) and rats were declared diabetes mellitus when blood glucose levels reached <u>></u>200 mg dL¹. The tissue was prepared on paraffin blocks and given Immunohistochemistry staining for FGF analysis. <b>Results:</b> There was a significant difference between all groups (p<0.001) in FGF expression. The proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen was formed by administering nano herbal andaliman and haramonting in rat's skin. The proliferation of cells that occur in the injured skin layer indicates the compounds contained in the nano herbal haramonting and andaliman stimulate cell division and growth to form wound tissue. <b>Conclusion:</b> Nano herbal andaliman and haramonting can be developed into herbs that can be used to treat wounds in diabetes. Another molecular gene analysis is required to get higher yields to further study for diabetic wounds against these two herbs.

Histological changes in placental rat apoptosis via FasL and cytochrome c by the nano-herbal Zanthoxylum acanthopodium.

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium has several biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This strong antioxidant herb can be used as a drug for hypertension. FasL and cytochrome c expression play roles in the apoptotic pathway in the placenta. This study focused on the histological change in apoptosis via cytochrome c and Fas ligand expression by investigating whether Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (ZA) fruits affect apoptosis. The present study consisted of five treatments: Normal pregnant rats (C), Hypertension rats (C + ), hypertension rats + extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (T1), Hypertension rats + ZA (T2), and hypertension rats + EVOO + ZA (T3). Hypertension was induced in rats by injecting 3 mlml of 6% NaCl. Nanoherbal of ZA (100 mg/kg BW) and EVOO (1 ml) were given on the 13th-19th days of pregnancy. Pregnant rats were dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy by cervical dislocation. ELISA assays were performed for the analysis of HSP-70 expression. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays were used to analyse the histological changes in placental tissue. The results showed that cytochrome c and FasL protein exposure levels in the labyrinth, basal, and yolk sac zones were increased during hypertensive pregnancy (P < 0.0001) in rats. The administration of nanoherbal of ZA decreased the expression of cytochrome c and FasL. A significant difference was found in the combination of nanoherbal of ZA and EVOO.

Effect of Nanoherbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Combination on Preeclamptic Rats Liver Histology.

BACKGROUND: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a spice traditional Northen Sumatera, Indonesia and these fruits contain alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) contains antioxidants. Combination of this plant have activities to reduce preeclampsia. AIM: To know the safety of the combination of nano herbal andaliman and Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on preeclampsia patients' liver. METHODS: Pregnant rats were made to have preeclampsia with 3 ml of NaCl 6% injections. This research consists of 5 groups: K- (negative control): normal pregnant rats, K+: preeclampsia rats; P1: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 1 ml EVOO / day / 20 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P2: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 100 mg/day / 200 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P3: PE was given the combination of 1 ml EVOO/day / 200 gBW and andaliman nano herbal 100 mg/day/200 gBW on the 13th day of pregnancy to the 19th day given orally. Then on the 20th day of pregnancy, the subjects were dissected. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) on the value of SGOT, SGPT, and the average damage of the hepatocyte cells except parenchymatous degeneration after being given the nano herbal andaliman and EVOO. The compared mean of normal hepatocytes cell, hydropic degeneration and necrosis value between all groups were p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to (K-). The non-significant difference was found in the mean of parenchymatous degeneration between the groups (p = 0.058). CONCLUSION: The combination of nano herbal andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and EVOO affected the level of necrosis in hepatocyte cells on preeclampsia rats.

The Inhibitory Activity of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs Extract on Nitric Oxide Production toward RAW 264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide.

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Picria fel-terrae Lour on Nitric Oxide production toward RAW 264.7 cells. METHODS: The extraction was obtained by maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents and then nitric oxide (NO) production was obtained using Griess reagent. RESULTS: Extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour herbs can reduce the NO production toward RAW 264.7 cells with induced by lipopolysaccharide has obtained nitric concentrations 12.5 and 25 µg/mL from n-hexane extract (72.50 ± 4.51 and 10.42 ± 1.82), ethyl acetate extract: (88.33 ± 6.51 and 30.83 ± 6.86), ethanol extract: (75.00 ± 1.91 and 22.08 ± 2.53). CONCLUSION: n-hexane extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs has a high potential to reduce the NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity Alkaloid Fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits.

AIM: This study was carried out to investigate cytotoxic activity towards T47D, 4T1, MCF-7, HeLa, and Raji cells of alkaloid fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. METHODS: The fruit was extracted by maceration. The ethanol extract was fractionated with liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, chloroform at pH 3, 7, and 9 to obtained alkaloid fractions. Cytotoxic activity for fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was determined with MTT assay. RESULTS: The IC50 of fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was (92.67 ± 1.37; 71.87 ± 1.04; 159.87 ± 0.63; 123.39 ± 0.81; and 103.09 ± 0.58 µg/mLfor pH 7) and (451.29 ± 25.48; 247.18 ± 2.82; 318.46 ± 5.40; 303.96 ± 8.75; and 181.45 ± 1.35 µg/mL for pH 9) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results reveal that alkaloid fractions at pH 7 and 9 of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits have cytotoxic activity. Our further study is to isolate and assesses anticancer activity from alkaloid compounds.