Herbal and Non-Herbal Dietary Supplements for Psychiatric Indications: Considerations in Liver Transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) modalities are widely employed. However, TCIM, specifically herbal and non-herbal dietary supplements, can pose challenges in the context of organ transplantation. In this review, we discuss common supplements used for psychiatric purposes and highlight important considerations for candidates and recipients of liver transplants. RECENT FINDINGS: Ashwagandha, kava kava, green tea extract, skullcap, turmeric, and valerian have known idiosyncratic hepatotoxic potential and may complicate the liver transplantation course. Multiple supplements reportedly carry a lower risk of hepatotoxicity, though evidence for widespread use in those at risk for or with hepatic impairment is limited. Psychiatrists caring for candidates and recipients of liver transplants must recognize that patients may find supplements helpful in alleviating psychiatric symptoms, despite an overall limited evidence base. Evaluating benefit versus risk ratios and reviewing drug-drug interactions is essential to promote transplant candidacy and mitigate the possibility of native or graft liver dysfunction.

Electroconvulsive Therapy for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Series.

OBJECTIVES: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is an uncommon condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Data on treatment interventions are limited. In this case series, we sought to describe all NMS cases requiring ECT from a large academic institution over a nearly 2-decade period. METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients with NMS who were treated with ECT over a 17-year period. Patients were included in the study based on chart review using the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for NMS. Data were collected related to clinical findings, treatment course, and response to ECT. RESULTS: We identified 15 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Most patients had neurocognitive or schizophrenia spectrum disorders and developed NMS after exposure to multiple antipsychotic drugs. All patients received bitemporal ECT after failed pharmacotherapy for NMS. Electroconvulsive therapy was well tolerated and resulted in a remission rate of 73.3% (n = 11). Patients showed early initial response to ECT (mean of 4.2 treatments), but an average of 17.7 treatments was necessary to minimize recurrence of catatonic signs. One patient died after interruption of the index course of ECT because of severe infection, and another was discharged to hospice care after limited response. These cases highlight the lethality of NMS and its complications despite aggressive treatment measures. CONCLUSIONS: Bitemporal ECT was well tolerated and effective in treating NMS refractory to pharmacotherapy. We suggest that ECT be considered early in cases of NMS that are refractory to pharmacological interventions, especially if the underlying condition is also responsive to ECT.

A case of cerebellar psychopathology.

BACKGROUND: Pathology of the cerebellum has traditionally been associated with motor symptoms, vertigo, and nystagmus. Patients with cerebellar disorders do not usually receive psychiatric evaluations. OBJECTIVE: The authors seek to alert clinicians to the association between cerebellar disease and psychiatric symptoms. METHOD: The authors describe a patient with uncommon psychiatric morbidity associated with cerebellar dysfunction, and provide a brief review of previous research on this phenomenon. RESULTS: Neurology consultants suggested that physical exam findings and behavioral changes could be accounted for by cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. This syndrome involves dysfunction of the cerebellum, including classic cerebellar findings, in addition to cognitive difficulties and affective/personality changes. CONCLUSION: The suspected etiology was post-infectious cerebellitis from Epstein-Barr virus infection.