Understanding the crosstalk of molecular factors and signaling pathways reveals novel biomarkers of cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) mostly affect young men, but fortunately belong to well curable solid tumors. Today, different treatment strategies are applied reaching excellent outcomes, and introduction of alternative approach of patient active surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy after orchiectomy decreases number of unnecessary toxic treatments of young patients. Also for relapsing patients, salvage therapy offers high survival rates. However, small percentages of affected young men do not respond to conventional therapy regimen due to intrinsic or acquired therapy resistance. For closely watching of patients during active surveillance, patients' stratification due to their prognosis, detection of therapy resistance and early relapse before treatment initiation, reliable molecular biomarkers and diagnostic tools replacing conventional approaches are still needed. Complex understanding of disease development and progression as well as mechanisms of chemoresistance and their epigenetic or chronobiological regulation pre-requisite successful search for such novel biomarkers. In this review, we aimed to highlight the importance of crosstalk of different regulatory mechanisms and their key players affecting treatment response, and focus on their potential as novel molecular biomarkers and/or druggable targets.

Arterial dissection with use of catheter needle in retrograde femoral arteriography.

A retrospective study of 82 cases of peripheral vascular occlusive disease examined by retrograde femoral arteriography with a catheter needle technique showed a 6% incidence of retrograde arterial wall dissection involving the iliac arteries and the aorta. In one patient, the dissection re-entered the abdominal aorta near the renal arteries, producing an iatrogenic chronic dissection. The others did not demonstrate any permanent side effects. In 1974, in view of the appreciable risk in the use of a catheter needle, the technique was changed to percutaneous femoral catheterization of the abdominal aorta using a catheter with multiple side holes. No further cases of iatrogenic aortic dissection were observed. A veriety of mechanisms may have been responsible for the dissections.