ABSTRACT
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) uses light energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to elicit biological responses in the body. The increased cellular energy and changes in the cell membrane permeability result in pain relief, wound healing, muscle relaxation, immune system modulation, and nerve regeneration. This article investigates the clinical effects of LLLT and explains how it can be applied in the dental field.
Subject(s)
Dental Care , Low-Level Light Therapy , Adenosine Triphosphate/radiation effects , Arthritis/radiotherapy , Cell Membrane Permeability/radiation effects , Dental Implants , Dental Restoration, Permanent , Dentin Sensitivity/radiotherapy , Facial Pain/radiotherapy , Humans , Immunity/radiation effects , Low-Level Light Therapy/methods , Muscle Relaxation/radiation effects , Muscle, Skeletal/radiation effects , Nerve Regeneration/radiation effects , Orthodontics, Corrective , Osteoarthritis/radiotherapy , Pain/radiotherapy , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Periodontal Diseases/radiotherapy , Safety , Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/radiotherapy , Tooth Diseases/radiotherapy , Tooth Extraction , Wound Healing/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Earth's surface chemical environment has evolved from an early anoxic condition to the oxic state we have today. Transitional between an earlier Proterozoic world with widespread deep-water anoxia and a Phanerozoic world with large oxygen-utilizing animals, the Neoproterozoic Era [1000 to 542 million years ago (Ma)] plays a key role in this history. The details of Neoproterozoic Earth surface oxygenation, however, remain unclear. We report that through much of the later Neoproterozoic (<742 +/- 6 Ma), anoxia remained widespread beneath the mixed layer of the oceans; deeper water masses were sometimes sulfidic but were mainly Fe2+-enriched. These ferruginous conditions marked a return to ocean chemistry not seen for more than one billion years of Earth history.
