Current practices and profiles of ophthalmologists involved in retinopathy of prematurity care in Brazil.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) care in Brazil varies in availability of resources and infrastructure. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among ophthalmologists of the Brazilian ROP Group (BRA-ROP) to assess the profiles and practices of ophthalmologists involved in ROP care. A total of 78 responses of BRA-ROP participants (79%) were included. Participants were mostly retina experts (64.1%), female (65.4%), and over 40 years of age (60.2%). Eighty-six percent reported following Brazil's ROP screening criteria. Retinal imaging is available to 16.9% of respondents; fluorescein angiography, to 1.4%. For ROP stage 3 zone II (with plus disease), laser treatment was the preferred treatment (78.9%); for aggressive ROP, anti-VEGF was favored (66.2%). There were significant regional differences in treatment choice. Not all respondents continued to follow treated patients after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit, highlighting an aspect of ROP care in need of improvement.

Upper Eyelid Necrosis Secondary to Hordeolum: A Case Report.

We reported a case of upper eyelid necrosis initially misdiagnosed as a preseptal cellulitis following a hordeolum externum resulting in great damage to the upper eyelid (anterior lamella). The infection was successfully treated with surgical cleansing, drainage, and endovenous antibiotics. Early treatment may avoid severe complications such as eyelid deformity, systemic involvement, and blindness.

Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion / Doenças, condições e drogas associadas ao ectrópio cicatricial

ABSTRACT Cicatricial ectropion may be a consequence of certain systemic diseases as well as the result of drug use. Our goal here was to research the different causes of this condition as reported in the literature, including more recently suspected etiologies. A detailed PubMed literature search indicated many different etiologies were associated with cicatricial ectropion development, from severe cases of systemic diseases, such as ichthyosis and lupus erythematosus, to reversible scenarios secondary to anti-glaucomatous drug use. More recently reported connections include periorbital necrotizing fasciitis, frontal osteomyelitis, and antineoplastic agents. Indeed, cicatricial ectropion may be highly symptomatic; being able to determine its real etiology is imperative to managing patients properly. In this investigation, we felt that an explicitly multidisciplinary approach was essential, especially for cases associated with systemic conditions.

RESUMO O ectrópio cicatricial pode ser uma consequência de certas doenças sistêmicas, bem como o resultado do uso de drogas. Nosso objetivo aqui foi pesquisar as diferentes causas desta condição, conforme relatado na literatura, incluindo mais recentemente suspeitas de etiologias. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica detalhada do PubMed indicou que muitas etiologias diferentes estavam associadas ao desenvolvimento do ectrópio cicatricial, desde casos graves de doenças sistêmicas, como ictiose e lúpus eritematoso, até cenários reversíveis secundários ao uso de drogas antiglaucomatosas. Conexões relatadas mais recentemente incluem fasceíte necrosante periorbitária, osteomielite frontal e agentes antineoplásicos. De fato, o ectrópio cicatricial pode ser altamente sintomático; ser capaz de determinar sua etiologia real é imperativo para o manejo adequado dos pacientes. Nesta investigação, sentimos que uma abordagem explicitamente multidisciplinar era essencial, especialmente para casos associados a doenças sistêmicas.

Diseases, conditions, and drugs associated with cicatricial ectropion.

Cicatricial ectropion may be a consequence of certain systemic diseases as well as the result of drug use. Our goal here was to research the different causes of this condition as reported in the literature, including more recently suspected etiologies. A detailed PubMed literature search indicated many different etiologies were associated with cicatricial ectropion development, from severe cases of systemic diseases, such as ichthyosis and lupus erythematosus, to reversible scenarios secondary to anti-glaucomatous drug use. More recently reported connections include periorbital necrotizing fasciitis, frontal osteomyelitis, and antineoplastic agents. Indeed, cicatricial ectropion may be highly symptomatic; being able to determine its real etiology is imperative to managing patients properly. In this investigation, we felt that an explicitly multidisciplinary approach was essential, especially for cases associated with systemic conditions.

Visual function in infants with antenatal Zika virus exposure.

PURPOSE: To report the findings of a cross-sectional study of visual function in infants with confirmed or suspected antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infection seen at a single referral center in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: Infants were examined following the ZIKV outbreak period at Instituto Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ. Visual function was considered abnormal if an infant could not fix and follow a standardized high-contrast target (10 cm) by 3-6 months of age. Visual function and associations with structural eye abnormalities, central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, microcephaly, and nystagmus were assessed. Sensitivity and specificity of screening criteria for structural eye abnormalities was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 173 infants met inclusion criteria. Abnormal visual function was found in 52 infants (30.0%) and was significantly associated with eye abnormalities (40/52; OR = 44.2; 95% CI, 16.6-117.6), CNS abnormalities (50/52; OR = 64.0; 95% CI, 14.7-277.6), microcephaly (44/52; OR = 31.5; 95% CI, 12.7-77.8), and nystagmus (26/52; OR = 120.0; 95% CI, 15.6-924.5). Using microcephaly as screening criteria for the detection of eye abnormalities provided a sensitivity of 88.9% (95% CI, 76.0-96.3) and specificity of 82.8% (95% CI, 75.1-88.9). Using both abnormal visual function and microcephaly increased sensitivity to 100% (95% CI, 92.1-100.0) and decreased specificity to 80.5% (95% CI, 72.5-86.9). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with suspected antenatal ZIKV infection and reduced visual function should be referred to an ophthalmologist. Visual function assessments are helpful in screening for antenatal ZIKV exposure in resource-limited settings and can identify infants who may benefit from visual habilitation.

Eye Findings in Infants With Suspected or Confirmed Antenatal Zika Virus Exposure.

: media-1vid110.1542/5804915134001PEDS-VA_2018-1104Video Abstract OBJECTIVES: To characterize ophthalmic manifestations of confirmed or suspected antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure. METHODS: Infants with antenatal ZIKV exposure were referred for evaluation during the 2015-2016 Rio de Janeiro outbreak. Mothers with symptomatic ZIKV infection during pregnancy and/or infants with microcephaly or other findings that were suggestive of suspected antenatal exposure were tested with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Complete eye examinations were performed by pediatric ophthalmologists between January 2016 and February 2017. The main outcome measure was eye abnormalities in RT-PCR-positive and suspected (ie, not tested or RT-PCR-negative) antenatal ZIKV cases. RESULTS: Of 224 infants, 189 had RT-PCR testing performed. Of 189 patients, 156 had positive RT-PCR results in their blood, urine, and/or placenta. Of 224 infants, 90 had central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, including microcephaly (62 infants). Eye abnormalities were present in 57 of 224 (25.4%) infants. Optic nerve (44 of 57; 77.2%) and retina abnormalities (37 of 57; 64.9%) were the most common. The group with suspected ZIKV infection (68 infants) had proportionally more eye (36.8% vs 20.5%; P = .022) and CNS abnormalities (68.3% vs 28.1%; P = .008), likely because of referral patterns. Eye abnormalities consistent with ZIKV infection were clinically comparable in both RT-PCR-positive and unconfirmed groups, including 4 RT-PCR-positive infants of 5 without any CNS abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Similar eye manifestations were identified regardless of laboratory confirmation. Well-appearing infants were also found to have eye abnormalities. Therefore, all infants born after ZIKV outbreaks should be universally screened for eye abnormalities.

Agreement on the evaluation of glaucomatous optic nerve head findings by ophthalmology residents and a glaucoma specialist.

OBJECTIVES: To assess agreement among ophthalmology residents and a glaucoma expert in the evaluation of cross-sectional glaucomatous optic nerve head characteristics using stereoscopic photographs. METHODS: Twenty stereo photographs were analyzed by ophthalmology residents just after completion of their first (First-Year Group) or third (Third-Year Group) year of residency and by a glaucoma expert. The agreement was assessed using the kappa statistic (κ) and limits of agreement. RESULTS: Agreement among resident groups and the expert ranged from poor to moderate. Agreement between Third Years and the expert seems to be better than that between First Years and the expert, especially in the evaluation of "nasal cupping", "barring circumlinear vessel," "notching", and "retinal nerve fiber layer defect" criteria. However, no improvement was seen in the agreement with the expert regarding glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which was 64% (κ=0.19) for First Years and 63% (κ=0.20) for Third Years. CONCLUSION: Agreement between residents and the expert was poor to moderate and similar when comparing both groups. This may suggest that the residents learn how to identify glaucoma signals during the first year of training, and the results of this study may facilitate the creation of targeted teaching tools in residency training.

Combination of anterior segment optical coherence tomography modalities to improve accuracy of rectus muscle insertion location.

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is useful for locating the extraocular muscle insertion prior to strabismus surgery; however, its accuracy decreases in reoperations. This masked retrospective study investigated whether a combination of AS-OCT modalities improves accuracy. The distance between the corneoscleral limbus and extraocular muscle insertion was measured with AS-OCT, first using the standard grayscale modality alone and then refined with the color modality. The AS-OCT measurement was considered accurate when within 1.00 mm of the intraoperative caliper measurement. A total of 139 AS-OCT images were analyzed from 74 patients (mean age, 52 years), including 60 medial rectus (19 reoperations), 61 lateral rectus (11 reoperations), 10 superior rectus, and 8 inferior rectus muscles. Compared to grayscale alone, the combination grayscale/color modalities improved AS-OCT accuracy from 77% to 87% (P = 0.03), reflecting an increase from 83% to 94% (P = 0.01) in primary surgeries and from 53% to 60% (P = 0.60) in reoperations.

Strabismus surgery outcomes in eyes with glaucoma drainage devices.

PURPOSE: To report strabismus surgery outcomes in eyes with prior implantation of glaucoma drainage devices (GDD). METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent strabismus surgery for ocular misalignment that developed after implantation of a GDD over a 13-year period at a single institution were examined retrospectively. Patient characteristics, deviation types, preoperative measurements, surgical procedures, and postoperative measurements were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients included, 14 had exotropia (34Δ ± 16Δ) and 11 had vertical deviations (15Δ ± 7Δ), of which 9 had concurrent exotropia and vertical deviations. Preoperatively, 9 patients had diplopia. The surgical approach was tailored to address the deviation most noticeable to the patient-horizontal, vertical, or both if the vertical component could be addressed by horizontal muscle supra- or infraplacement. Three patients underwent simultaneous horizontal and vertical surgery. All patients underwent strabismus surgery on an eye with a GDD. Surgical motor success (defined as horizontal deviation ≤10Δ, vertical ≤4Δ) was achieved in 42% of horizontal and 57% of vertical deviations. Postoperatively 74% of deviations decreased by ≥50% in magnitude. Diplopia resolved in 50% of patients who presented with preoperative diplopia. One patient had intraoperative bleb perforation, but none had postoperative hypotony at any follow-up visit. Only 2 required a second strabismus surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus surgery with preservation of the filtering bleb following implantation of a glaucoma drainage device is a low risk procedure that can improve ocular alignment and related symptoms, despite a low motor success rate by standard criteria.

Accuracy of Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements of Rectus Muscle Insertions in Adult Patients Undergoing Strabismus Surgery.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in measuring the distance of extraocular muscle (EOM) insertion to the limbus to improve preoperative assessment of adult patients undergoing strabismus surgery. DESIGN: Reliability analysis. METHODS: setting: An institutional practice. PATIENT POPULATION: Seventy-four adult patients scheduled for strabismus surgery on rectus muscles. OBSERVATION PROCEDURE: The distance between the EOM insertion and the limbus was measured preoperatively with AS-OCT. The value was compared with the intraoperative measurement obtained with calipers. Additional measurements included the limbus-anterior chamber angle distance with AS-OCT and the axial length with IOLMaster. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Agreement between preoperative AS-OCT and intraoperative measurements. A difference of ≤1 mm was "clinically acceptable." RESULTS: A total of 144 muscles were analyzed. Thirty-one of 33 reoperated muscles were successfully imaged. AS-OCT measurements were within 1 mm of intraoperative measurements in 77% of all muscles. The accuracy was higher for muscles with no prior surgery (83%), as compared with reoperated muscles (58%). Although the accuracy decreased when comparing reoperations to primary surgeries for the medial (79% to 63%; P = .09; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.38 to 0.11) and the lateral rectus (81% to 49%; P = .11; 95% CI, -2.06 to 0.22), the difference was not significant. No correlation between limbus-anterior chamber angle distance and axial length was established. CONCLUSIONS: AS-OCT is valuable in identifying EOM insertions in primary strabismus surgeries, but the accuracy decreases in reoperations.

Evaluation of Postoperative Povidone-Iodine in Adjustable Suture Strabismus Surgery to Reduce Suture Colonization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Although the association between suture colonization and postoperative infections remains hypothetical, measures to reduce perioperative suture colonization may minimize postoperative infections. The suture colonization rate in adjustable suture strabismus surgery is not well defined, and the effect of povidone-iodine use on suture colonization is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether povidone-iodine application at the end of adjustable suture strabismus surgery decreases the suture colonization rate. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this randomized clinical trial designed in 2015 and performed from June 1 through October 31, 2015, a total of 65 adjustable and 43 control suture specimens from 65 demographically similar adults undergoing adjustable suture strabismus surgery were studied. A random sampling assigned participants into group 1 (with povidone-iodine) or group 2 (without povidone-iodine) at the end of surgery. A control suture specimen was obtained if ipsilateral nonadjustable surgery was performed. Both groups received antibiotic ointment at the end of the procedure. No patients refused participation or withdrew. Data analysis was performed from October 1 to December 31, 2015. Observers were unaware of patient grouping. INTERVENTIONS: One drop of 5% povidone-iodine directly over the sliding noose of the adjustable suture at the end of surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The suture colonization rate after adjustment in group 1, group 2, and the control group. RESULTS: Of 65 adults undergoing surgery, there were 17 men (49%) and 18 women (51%) in group 1 and 10 men (33%) and 20 women (67%) in group 2, as well as 20 men (47%) and 23 women (53%) in the control group. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 48.5 (16.8) years in group 1, 46.6 (18.1) years in group 2, and 47.7 (17.0) years in the control group. There was no difference in the colonization rate between group 1 (57%) and group 2 (47%) (relative risk [RR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7; P = .80), group 1 and the control group (44%) (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5-1.8; P > .99), or group 2 and the control group (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8-2.1; P = .62). Eleven bacterial species were identified. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant isolate (40 of 56 [71%]). A longer interval between the end of surgery and adjustment was associated with higher culture positivity (6.3 hours in positive vs 4.4 hours in negative cultures, P = .001); however, there was no difference in bacterial growth between the groups. No adverse effects of povidone-iodine were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study was not able to demonstrate that povidone-iodine at the end of adjustable suture strabismus surgery reduces the suture colonization rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02424357.