Alimentação de porcas lactantes com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e ácido fumárico / Lactating sows fed diets with high moisture corn silage and fumaric acid

Estudou-se o efeito de dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e ácido fumárico sobre os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas. Foram utilizadas 20 porcas de genética comercial em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos - dieta basal (DB), elaborada a cada 24h; DB + 0,3 por cento de ácido fumárico - (AF); DB + 0,6 por cento AF; e DB + 0,9 por cento de AF, e cinco repetições. As dietas contendo ácido fumárico foram elaboradas a cada 48 horas. O consumo médio diário da dieta das porcas lactantes foi de 7,42kg de matéria natural e não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição de 0,9 por cento de ácido fumárico às dietas reduziu (P<0,01) em 6 por cento o pH do leite em relação à dieta-basal. A média de ganho diário e a média de peso dos leitões não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição de ácido fumárico às dietas não alterou os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e de suas leitegadas. A adição de ácido fumárico às dietas de lactação elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho reduziu o pH do leite e aumentou a frequência de fezes normais dos leitões lactentes.(AU)

The effect of lactation diets containing high moisture corn silage and fumaric acid was evaluated on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Twenty sows of commercial genetic lines were used in a randomized complete block experimental design with four treatments (basal diet - BD, elaborated each 24h; BD + 0.3 percent fumaric acid - FA; BD + 0.6 percent FA; and BD + 0.9 percent FA) and five replicates. Diets with fumaric acid were elaborated each 48 hours. The average daily feed intake of lactating sows was 7.42kg of natural matter and it was not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. The 0.9 percent fumaric acid addition in diets reduced in 6 percent (P<0.01) the pH of milk compared to basal diet. The average daily weight gain and average weaning live weight of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The addition of fumaric acid in diets did not alter the performance of lactating sows and piglets. The addition of fumaric acid in lactation diets elaborated with high moisture corn silage increased the normal feces frequency in sucking piglets.(AU)

Alimentação de porcas lactantes com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e ácido fumárico / Lactating sows fed diets with high moisture corn silage and fumaric acid

Estudou-se o efeito de dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e ácido fumárico sobre os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas. Foram utilizadas 20 porcas de genética comercial em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos - dieta basal (DB), elaborada a cada 24h; DB + 0,3 por cento de ácido fumárico - (AF); DB + 0,6 por cento AF; e DB + 0,9 por cento de AF, e cinco repetições. As dietas contendo ácido fumárico foram elaboradas a cada 48 horas. O consumo médio diário da dieta das porcas lactantes foi de 7,42kg de matéria natural e não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição de 0,9 por cento de ácido fumárico às dietas reduziu (P<0,01) em 6 por cento o pH do leite em relação à dieta-basal. A média de ganho diário e a média de peso dos leitões não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adição de ácido fumárico às dietas não alterou os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e de suas leitegadas. A adição de ácido fumárico às dietas de lactação elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho reduziu o pH do leite e aumentou a frequência de fezes normais dos leitões lactentes.

The effect of lactation diets containing high moisture corn silage and fumaric acid was evaluated on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Twenty sows of commercial genetic lines were used in a randomized complete block experimental design with four treatments (basal diet - BD, elaborated each 24h; BD + 0.3 percent fumaric acid - FA; BD + 0.6 percent FA; and BD + 0.9 percent FA) and five replicates. Diets with fumaric acid were elaborated each 48 hours. The average daily feed intake of lactating sows was 7.42kg of natural matter and it was not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. The 0.9 percent fumaric acid addition in diets reduced in 6 percent (P<0.01) the pH of milk compared to basal diet. The average daily weight gain and average weaning live weight of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The addition of fumaric acid in diets did not alter the performance of lactating sows and piglets. The addition of fumaric acid in lactation diets elaborated with high moisture corn silage increased the normal feces frequency in sucking piglets.

Alimentação de suínos em terminação com dietas contendo extratos cítricos e ractopamina: características químicas e perfil de ácidos graxos / Do músculo longissimus dorsi feeding finishing pigs with diets containing ractopamine and citrus extracts: chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of longissimus dorsi muscle

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da adição de extratos cítricos e ractopamina a dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 108 suínos (54 machos e 54 fêmeas), homogêneos geneticamente e peso vivo médio inicial de 61 quilogramas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, bloqueado por sexo e com nove tratamentos: T1. controle (C) (0 ppm de ractopamina e 0 ppm de extratos cítricos), T2. C + 10 RAC (ractopamina, em ppm), T3. C + 20 RAC, T4. C + 250 EC (extratos cítricos, em ppm), T5. C+ 500 EC, T6. C + 250 EC + 10 RAC, T7. C + 250 EC + 20 RAC, T8. C+ 500 EC + 10 RAC e T9. C + 500 EC + 20 RAC. Foram utilizados dois sexos, com duas repetições e seis animais por unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi quanto à umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios e perfil de ácidos graxos. Os teores de proteína para a inclusão de 20 ppm de RAC foram em média 5,5% superiores (P<0,05) aos dois níveis de EC na dieta. A umidade do músculo nas amostras dos animais que receberam 500 ppm de EC e 20 ppm de RAC foi 4,3% superior (P<0.05) ao controle e 500 ppm de extratos cítricos. Os teores do ácido linoléico da interação 500 ppm de EC e 10 ppm de RAC foi 18% superior (P<0,05) em relação à inclusão de 500 ppm de extratos cítricos. Os teores do ácido a-Linolênico do controle foi 33,5% superior (P<0,05) aos níveis de extratos cítricos, ractopamina e suas interações. A concentração do ácido araquidônico da interação 250 ppm de EC e 20 ppm de RAC foi 36% superior (P<0,05) aos teores de 20 ppm de ractopamina. Níveis mais altos de ractopamina às dietas influenciam os teores de proteína e umidade do músculo. Os extratos cítricos influenciam os teores do ácido graxo láurico. A adição de ractopamina altera o perfil de alguns ácidos graxos insaturados do músculo Longissimus dorsi.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the citrus extracts and ractopamine in finishing pig diets. Hundred eight pigs were used (54 males and 54 females) in a completely randomized design, blocked by sex and distributed in nine treatments: T1. control (C) (0 ppm of the ractopamine e 0 ppm of the citrus extracts), T2. C + 10 RAC (ractopamine, ppm), T3. C + 20 RAC, T4. C + 250 EC (citrus extracts, ppm), T5. C+ 500 EC, T6. C + 250 EC + 10 RAC, T7. C+ 250 EC + 20 RAC, T8. C+ 500 EC + 10 RAC e T9. C+ 500 EC + 20 RAC. We used two sexes, with two replications and six animals per experimental unit. The levels of protein for the inclusion of 20 ppm of RAC were on average 5.5% higher (P <0.05) the two EC levels in the diet. The moisture in the muscle samples from the animals that received 500 ppm EC and 20 ppm RAC was 4.3% higher (P <0.05) the control and 500 ppm of citrus extracts. The levels of linoleic acid in the interaction of 500 ppm EC and 10 ppm RAC was 18% higher (P <0.05) compared to the inclusion of 500 ppm of citrus extracts. The levels of a-linolenic acid of the control was 33.5% higher (P <0.05) of citrus extracts levels, ractopamine and their interactions. The concentration of arachidonic acid from the interaction of EC 250 ppm and 20 ppm RAC was 36% higher (P <0.05) to levels of 20 ppm of ractopamine. Higher levels of ractopamine in the diet influence the levels of protein and moisture of the muscle. Citrus extracts influence the levels of the fatty acid lauric acid. The addition of ractopamine change the profile of some unsaturated fatty acids of the Longissimus dorsi.

Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.

As part of a comprehensive study on the ecology of arthropod-borne viruses in the Amazon Basin region of Peru, we assayed 539,694 mosquitoes captured in Loreto Department, Peru, for arboviruses. Mosquitoes were captured either by dry ice-baited miniature light traps or with aspirators while mosquitoes were landing on human collectors, identified to species, and later tested on Vero cells for virus. In total, 164 virus isolations were made and included members of the Alphavirus (eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Trocara, Una, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses), Flavivirus (Ilheus and St. Louis encephalitis), and Orthobunyavirus (Caraparu, Itaqui, Mirim, Murutucu, and Wyeomyia viruses) genera. In addition, several viruses distinct from the above-mentioned genera were identified to the serogroup level. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was associated primarily with Culex pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, whereas Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus was associated primarily with Culex gnomatos Sallum, Huchings & Ferreira. Most isolations of Ilheus virus were made from Psorophora ferox (Von Humboldt). Although species of the Culex subgenus Melanoconion accounted for only 45% of the mosquitoes collected, 85% of the virus isolations were made from this subgenus. Knowledge of the viruses that are being transmitted in the Amazon Basin region of Peru will enable the development of more effective diagnostic assays, more efficient and rapid diagnoses of clinical illnesses caused by these pathogens, risk analysis for military/civilian operations, and development of potential disease control measures.

Comparative study of the sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam in laboratory animals / Estudo comparativo dos efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos de levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam em animais de laboratório

The sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam were studied in rats and mice using three behavior evaluation methods. Both exploratory behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity were significantly diminished in a spontaneous locomotor activity test in open field when using levomepromazine and azaperone. However, the azaperone effects were short lived in comparison to levomepromazine effects. Midazolam caused reduction in exploratory activity with no effect in spontaneous locomotion. When assessing the antinociceptive effect in the tail flick reflex latency test after infliction of a pain stimulus in rats, tested drugs did not show any antinociceptive effect. The drugs studied were able to abolish the writhing reflex in mice when compared to control. Levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam, at the doses were able to inhibit the exploratory behavior in rats, proving their sedative effect. Regarding the antinociceptive effects for visceral pain, these drugs were able to block contortions in mice.(AU)

Os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam foram avaliados utilizando-se três testes de comportamento em ratos e camundongos. No teste da atividade locomotora espontânea em campo aberto observou-se que tanto o comportamento exploratório como a atividade locomotora espontânea foram significativamente diminuídos quando se utilizou levomepromazina e azaperone. O efeito causado pelo azaperone foi menos prolongado quando comparado ao da levomepromazina. O midazolam causou diminuição do comportamento exploratório sem alterar a atividade locomotora espontânea. Quando se avaliou o efeito antinociceptivo por meio da latência para o reflexo da retirada da cauda em ratos após estímulo doloroso, as drogas não apresentaram nenhum efeito antinociceptivo observável. No teste das contorções em camundongos, os fármacos foram capazes de abolir as contorções quando comparados ao efeito do grupo-controle. Levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam nas doses utilizadas foram capazes de inibir o comportamento exploratório de ratos, comprovando seus efeitos sedativos. Com relação aos efeitos antinociceptivos para dor visceral, eles foram capazes de inibir as contorções.(AU)

Comparative study of the sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam in laboratory animals

Os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam foram avaliados utilizando-se três testes de comportamento em ratos e camundongos. No teste da atividade locomotora espontânea em campo aberto observou-se que tanto o comportamento exploratório como a atividade locomotora espontânea foram significativamente diminuídos quando se utilizou levomepromazina e azaperone. O efeito causado pelo azaperone foi menos prolongado quando comparado ao da levomepromazina. O midazolam causou diminuição do comportamento exploratório sem alterar a atividade locomotora espontânea. Quando se avaliou o efeito antinociceptivo por meio da latência para o reflexo da retirada da cauda em ratos após estímulo doloroso, as drogas não apresentaram nenhum efeito antinociceptivo observável. No teste das contorções em camundongos, os fármacos foram capazes de abolir as contorções quando comparados ao efeito do grupo-controle. Levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam nas doses utilizadas foram capazes de inibir o comportamento exploratório de ratos, comprovando seus efeitos sedativos. Com relação aos efeitos antinociceptivos para dor visceral, eles foram capazes de inibir as contorções.

Comparative study of the sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam in laboratory animals

The sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam were studied in rats and mice using three behavior evaluation methods. Both exploratory behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity were significantly diminished in a spontaneous locomotor activity test in open field when using levomepromazine and azaperone. However, the azaperone effects were short lived in comparison to levomepromazine effects. Midazolam caused reduction in exploratory activity with no effect in spontaneous locomotion. When assessing the antinociceptive effect in the tail flick reflex latency test after infliction of a pain stimulus in rats, tested drugs did not show any antinociceptive effect. The drugs studied were able to abolish the writhing reflex in mice when compared to control. Levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam, at the doses were able to inhibit the exploratory behavior in rats, proving their sedative effect. Regarding the antinociceptive effects for visceral pain, these drugs were able to block contortions in mice.

Os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam foram avaliados utilizando-se três testes de comportamento em ratos e camundongos. No teste da atividade locomotora espontânea em campo aberto observou-se que tanto o comportamento exploratório como a atividade locomotora espontânea foram significativamente diminuídos quando se utilizou levomepromazina e azaperone. O efeito causado pelo azaperone foi menos prolongado quando comparado ao da levomepromazina. O midazolam causou diminuição do comportamento exploratório sem alterar a atividade locomotora espontânea. Quando se avaliou o efeito antinociceptivo por meio da latência para o reflexo da retirada da cauda em ratos após estímulo doloroso, as drogas não apresentaram nenhum efeito antinociceptivo observável. No teste das contorções em camundongos, os fármacos foram capazes de abolir as contorções quando comparados ao efeito do grupo-controle. Levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam nas doses utilizadas foram capazes de inibir o comportamento exploratório de ratos, comprovando seus efeitos sedativos. Com relação aos efeitos antinociceptivos para dor visceral, eles foram capazes de inibir as contorções.

Comparison of dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassays to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Yersinia pestis-specific F1 antigen, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

The dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassays (DELFIA) were developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Yersinia pestis-specific F1 antigen, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These assays were compared to previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) by determining the sensitivity or limit of detection (LOD), the dynamic range, and the reproducibility of each assay in a number of different sample matrices. The sensitivity and specificity of each assay were then determined by using a small panel of blinded spiked and nonspiked samples. All three DELFIAs demonstrated at least 1 log greater sensitivity than corresponding ELISAs utilizing the same reagents and showed an increase in dynamic range of at least 2 log(10) concentrations. This increased LOD resulted in higher sensitivity rates for the DELFIA. The specificity of all of the assays evaluated was 100%, and no sample matrix effects were observed in either format. However, the reproducibility of the DELFIA was poor due to randomly distributed wells exhibiting excessive background signal (hot wells), which occurred throughout the evaluation. As this technology matures, the reproducibility of these assays should improve, as will the ability to identify hot wells. Despite its sensitivity, the logistical burden associated with the DELFIA and the technical expertise required to complete assays and interpret the data limit the application of this technology to reference or large clinical laboratories.

Dengue among United Nations mission in Haiti personnel, 1995: implications for preventive medicine.

The incidence of dengue infections has been increasing in the Caribbean, and cases have been identified among successive deployments of multinational peacekeepers to Haiti (1994-1997). In the absence of an effective vaccine or chemoprophylaxis to prevent dengue fever, vector-control operations and use of personal protection measures to prevent arthropod bites are the most effective means of limiting disease transmission. During our 5-month deployment as part of the United Nations Mission in Haiti, 79 cases of recent dengue fever were identified among 249 patients (32%) presenting with febrile illness to the 86th Combat Support Hospital. Further investigation revealed low unit readiness to perform standard vector-control activities and poor individual adherence to measures to prevent arthropod bites. Command enforcement of existing field preventive medicine doctrine is essential to prevent casualties caused by dengue, other arthropod-borne infections, and nuisance arthropod bites during military deployments.

Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America.

This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological findings on 27 cases of Mayaro virus (MV) disease, an emerging mosquito-borne viral illness that is endemic in rural areas of tropical South America. MV disease is a nonfatal, dengue-like illness characterized by fever, chills, headache, eye pain, generalized myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, and rash of 3-5 days' duration. Severe joint pain is a prominent feature of this illness; the arthralgia sometimes persists for months and can be quite incapacitating. Cases of two visitors from the United States, who developed MV disease during visits to eastern Peru, are reported. MV disease and dengue are difficult to differentiate clinically.

Laboratory diagnosis of acute dengue fever during the United Nations Mission in Haiti, 1995-1996.

We evaluated laboratory methods to confirm a clinical diagnosis of dengue. Acute sera were collected from personnel (n = 414) supporting the United Nations Mission in Haiti and presenting with febrile illness consistent with dengue fever or no apparent underlying cause. Dengue virus was recovered from 161 of 379 acute sera by inoculation into C6/36 cell culture. While 93 of 414 acute sera had detectable IgM antibodies, the IgM capture ELISA (MAC ELISA) had a sensitivity of only 13% compared with the virus isolation gold standard. If presumptive dengue fever cases were identified by both virus isolation and the presence of IgM, virus isolation and the MAC ELISA had clinical sensitivities of 69% and 40%, respectively. This study suggests that a combination of laboratory methods that target virus or subviral components as well as anti-viral IgM antibodies may be necessary for sensitive laboratory diagnosis with acute sera.