Combining Reflectance Confocal Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography and Ex-Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy for Margin Assessment in Basal Cell Carcinoma Excision.

INTRODUCTION: Recent developments of noninvasive, high-resolution imaging techniques, such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), have enhanced skin cancer detection and precise tumor excision particularly in highly aggressive and poorly defined basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility and reproducibility of a systematic clinical workflow combining noninvasive (RCM-OCT) and invasive fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) imaging modalities in pre- and intra-surgical evaluations of the lateral and deep margins of BCC. METHODS: Superficial incisions were made 2 mm beyond the clinical-dermoscopic BCC margins. Lateral margins were then explored with OCT and RCM. In positive margins, a further cut was made 2 mm distal from the previous. A final RCM/OCT-based double-negative margin was drawn around the entire perimeter of the lesion before referring to surgery. The freshly excised specimen was then examined with FCM (ex-vivo) for the evaluation of the deep margin. Histopathologic examination eventually confirmed margin involvement. RESULTS: The study included 22 lesions from 13 patients. At the end of the study, 146 margins-106 negative (73%) and 40 positive (27%) at RCM/OCT-were collected. The RCM/OCT margin evaluation showed an overall sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96.3%. The overall positive margins diagnostic accuracy was 98.2%. Reproducibility was evaluated on recorded images and the raters showed a substantial inter-observer agreement on both RCM (κ = 0.752) and OCT images (κ = 0.724). CONCLUSIONS: The combined RCM/OCT/FCM ex-vivo approach noninvasively facilitates the presurgical and intrasurgical lateral and deep margin assessment of poorly defined BCCs.

Psychometric Properties of the Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) in an Italian Community Sample.

The Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) is a valid and reliable self-report instrument that assesses these two distinct forms of dissociative symptoms. However, there is limited research on the cross-cultural validation of the DCI. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an Italian translation of the DCI and examine its internal structure and psychometric properties (including internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability) within an Italian-speaking community sample. The sample consisted of 1276 adults (887 females; mean age: 29.57 ± 10.96 years), who completed the DCI and other self-report measures evaluating dissociative experiences and childhood trauma. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the original two-factor model (χ2169 = 1312.80, RMSEA = 0.073, 95%CI 0.069-0.077; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; SRMR = 0.04). Additionally, the DCI exhibited good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity with another measure of dissociation. The study also confirmed the association between DCI scores and the severity of childhood trauma. Finally, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the DCI effectively distinguishes individuals who screened positively for dissociative disorders. Overall, these findings indicate that the Italian translation of the DCI possesses satisfactory psychometric properties, suggesting its utility as a screening tool for assessing detachment and compartmentalization experiences.

Altered connectivity between the central executive network and the salience network in delusion-prone individuals: A resting state eLORETA report.

Although the Triple Network (TN) model has been proposed as a valid neurophysiological framework for conceptualizing delusion-like experiences, the neurodynamics of TN in relation to delusion proneness have been relatively understudied in nonclinical samples so far. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to investigate the functional connectivity of resting state electroencephalography (EEG) in subjects with high levels of delusion proneness. Twenty-one delusion-prone (DP) individuals and thirty-seven non-delusion prone (N-DP) individuals were included in the study. The exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA) software was used for all EEG analyses. Compared to N-DP participants, DP individuals showed an increas of theta connectivity (T = 3.618; p = 0.045) between the Salience Network (i.e., the left anterior insula) and the Central Executive Network (i.e., the left posterior parietal cortex). Increased theta connectivity was also positively correlated with the frequency of delusional experiences (rho = 0.317; p = 0.015). Our results suggest that increased theta connectivity between the Salience Network and the Central Executive Network may underline brain correlates of altered resting state salience detection, information processing, and cognitive control processes typical of delusional thinking.

Prednisone vs high-dose dexamethasone in newly diagnosed adult primary immune thrombocytopenia: a randomized trial.

ABSTRACT: A debate exists regarding which type of corticosteroids (standard-dose prednisone [PDN] or high-dose dexamethasone [HD-DXM]) is the best first-line treatment for adult patients with newly diagnosed untreated primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP). An ad hoc study compared PDN with HD-DXM in newly diagnosed untreated patients with pITP (aged ≥18 but ≤80 years, platelet count of ≤20 or >20 but <50 × 109/L, and bleeding score of ≥8). Patients were randomised to receive PDN 1 mg/kg per day from days 0 to 28 (Arm A) or HD-DXM 40 mg per day for 4 days, every 14 days, for 3 consecutive courses (Arm B). Fifty-nine of 113 patients (52.2%) were randomized to Arm A and 54 of 113 (47.8%) to Arm B. In evaluable patients, total initial responses (complete response [CR], partial response [PR], minimal response [MR]) were 44 of 56 (78.57%) in Arm A and 46 of 49 (93.88%) in Arm B at days 42 and 46, respectively (P = 0.0284). Total final responses (at day 180 from initial response) were 26 of 43 (60.47%) in Arm A and 23 of 39 (58.97%) in Arm B (P = 0.8907). Total persistent responses (at 12 months from initial response) were 25 of 31 (80.65%) in Arm A and 20 of 36 (55.56%) in Arm B (P = 0.0292). Seven relapses occurred. Median follow-up was 44.4 months. Overall survival was 100% at 48 months, overall disease-free survival was 81.11% at 48 months from day 180. PDN and pulsed HD-DXM were well tolerated; HD-DXM allows effective initial responses but less long lasting than PDN. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00657410.

Ropeginterferon phase 2 randomized study in low-risk polycythemia vera: 5-year drug survival and efficacy outcomes.

In patients with low-risk polycythemia vera, exposure to low-dose Ropeginterferon alfa-2b (Ropeg) 100 µg every 2 weeks for 2 years was more effective than the standard treatment of therapeutic phlebotomy in maintaining target hematocrit (HCT) (< 45%) with a reduction in the need for phlebotomy without disease progression. In the present paper, we analyzed drug survival, defined as a surrogate measure of the efficacy, safety, adherence, and tolerability of Ropeg in patients followed up to 5 years. During the first 2 years, Ropeg and phlebotomy-only (Phl-O) were discontinued in 33% and 70% of patients, respectively, for lack of response (12 in the Ropeg arm vs. 34 in the Phl-O arm) or adverse events (6 vs. 0) and withdrawal of consent in (3 vs. 10). Thirty-six Ropeg responders continued the drug for up to 3 years, and the probability of drug survival after a median of 3.15 years was 59%. Notably, the primary composite endpoint was maintained in 97%, 94%, and 94% of patients still on drug at 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively, and 60% of cases were phlebotomy-free. Twenty-three of 63 Phl-O patients (37%) failed the primary endpoint and were crossed over to Ropeg; among the risk factors for this failure, the need for more than three bloodletting procedures in the first 6 months emerged as the most important determinant. In conclusion, to improve the effectiveness of Ropeg, we suggest increasing the dose and using it earlier driven by high phlebotomy need in the first 6 months post-diagnosis.

Survival in multiple myeloma and SARS-COV-2 infection through the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry.

Patients affected by multiple myeloma (MM) have an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and subsequent coronavirus (20)19 disease (COVID-19)-related death. The changing epidemiological and therapeutic scenarios suggest that there has been an improvement in severity and survival of COVID-19 during the different waves of the pandemic in the general population, but this has not been investigated yet in MM patients. Here we analyzed a large cohort of 1221 patients with MM and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection observed between February 2020, and August 2022, in the EPICOVIDEHA registry from 132 centers around the world. Median follow-up was 52 days for the entire cohort and 83 days for survivors. Three-hundred and three patients died (24%) and COVID-19 was the primary reason for death of around 89% of them. Overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in vaccinated patients with both stable and active MM versus unvaccinated, while only a trend favoring vaccinated patients was observed in subjects with responsive MM. Vaccinated patients with at least 2 doses showed a better OS than those with one or no vaccine dose. Overall, according to pandemic waves, mortality rate decreased over time from 34% to 10%. In multivariable analysis, age, renal failure, active disease, hospital, and intensive care unit admission, were independently associated with a higher number of deaths, while a neutrophil count above 0.5 × 109 /L was found to be protective. This data suggests that MM patients remain at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection even in the vaccination era, but their clinical outcome, in terms of OS, has progressively improved throughout the different viral phases of the pandemic.

Parental overcontrol is associated with dysmorphic concern severity: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Dysmorphic concern (DC) is a symptom affecting both clinical and non-clinical populations, with a severe impact on individuals' physical and psychological well-being. While Childhood Trauma (CT) has been identified as a risk factor for DC, there is a lack of research on a specific form of CT, that is, parental overcontrol. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association between DC and parental overcontrol in a community sample of adults, controlling for other forms of CT and potential confounding variables. METHOD: 714 adults (508 females; mean age: 30.29 ± 11.67 years; age range: 18-77) participated in an online survey including the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Overcontrol subscale of the Measure Of Parental Style, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF). RESULTS: Parental overcontrol was independently associated with DC symptoms (ß = 0.111; p = .005; CI = [0.119;0.666]), even after controlling for other forms of CT and sociodemographic and clinical confounding variables. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design of the study, the unbalanced sex ratio, the retrospective self-reported data about parental overcontrol and CT should be considered. CONCLUSIONS: This finding suggests that parental overcontrol may play a role in the development and maintenance of DC symptoms, remarking the urge to take more into account parental overcontrol in the assessment of CT.

Perception of COVID-19 infection risk among students in healthcare professions: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: The aim of this study was to describe how students in healthcare professions perceived the risk of COVID-19 infection during their curricular internships in the post-lockdown period, in order to evaluate possible corrective and/or improvement actions to ensure future safe learning experiences. METHODS: Is a descriptive qualitative study conducted in March 2021 using Focus Groups, with the participation of students from all the involved study programs, based on a voluntary proactive sampling approach. The study was conducted among students in healthcare professions at the University of Bologna, in collaboration with the Local Health Authority of Imola, who were undertaking curricular internships in various public or private healthcare, social, and non-healthcare settings, as specified in the educational plan. RESULTS: The results showed that the students reported having knowledge about preventive measures to avoid infection, being attentive observers of the organizational aspects within their internship contexts, and considering the internship tutor as a significant guiding figure in their perception of risk and the related measures to be adopted. Despite the challenges, the students evaluated their internship experience as an opportunity to acquire distinctive skills. CONCLUSIONS: Students who embarked on their internships without prior experience expressed additional and diverse aspects that warrant further investigation. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to conduct further qualitative research to broaden the perception of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in this group of students.

Artificial intelligence and the blood film: Performance of the MC-80 digital morphology analyzer in samples with neoplastic and reactive cell types.

INTRODUCTION: Implementing artificial intelligence-based instruments in hematology laboratories requires evidence of efficiency in classifying pathological cells. In two-Universities, we assessed the performance of the Mindray® MC-80 for hematology patients with frequent leukemic and dysplastic cells. METHODS: The Mindray MC-80® locates and pre-classifies cells in blood films. In a two-university study, four films were prepared from 591 samples, two each for the analyser MC-80 and the microscope reference method, using reagents from two different manufacturers. We used Microsoft Excel® statistics for imprecision and distributional inaccuracy and a matrix table model (H20-A2 CLSI standard) for sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for atypical cells. RESULTS: The results indicate minimal within-run imprecision (ICSH method) and good intra-method consistency even on duplicate analysis of 413 samples with a high incidence of hematological abnormalities (r = 0.942 or more, except for basophils, r = 0.841, and reactive lymphocytes, r = 0.847). Distributional inaccuracy was also very low compared to the microscope reference, with a pass rate higher than 80% for pathological cells (except 75.1% for reactive lymphocytes). The primary causes of discrepancy were bizarre shapes of dysplastic neutrophils and inconsistent nomenclature for lymphoma cells. Sensitivity for critical samples containing cells typically absent in circulating blood (immature or malignant) was 98.8% for immature granulocytes, 83.8% for all types of neoplastic cells, 93.6% for reactive lymphocytes and 97.5% for nucleated red blood cells. The negative predictive values of MC-80 were 98.8% for immature granulocytes, 88.4% for the different types of neoplastic cells, 97.8% for reactive lymphocytes, and 96.9% for nucleated red blood cells. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the outstanding diagnostic performance of this artificial intelligence-based blood film analyzer for hematology patients with circulating abnormal cells. We appreciated the morphological harmonization of cells observed on the screen and those seen in the microscope.

Electroclinical Improvement in a Patient with Ring Chromosome 20 Syndrome Treated with Zonisamide: A Case Report.

Ring chromosome 20 or r(20) syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder, mainly characterized by childhood-onset drug-resistant epilepsy with typical electroencephalographic findings, followed by mild to severe cognitive-behavioral decline. Recent studies support a possible role of the dopaminergic system in the epileptogenesis of this syndrome. We report the case of a 13-year-old female with mosaic r(20) who showed typical disease onset and evolution and a remarkable electroclinical improvement with zonisamide. Epilepsy related to r(20) is often medically intractable. When valproate and lamotrigine are not effective, zonisamide could be further investigated as a therapeutic option, since it acts as antifocal and it has a potential role in the prevention of dopamine depletion.

Predictors of Response to Hydroxyurea and Switch to Ruxolitinib in HU-Resistant Polycythaemia VERA Patients: A Real-World PV-NET Study.

In polycythemia vera (PV), the prognostic relevance of an ELN-defined complete response (CR) to hydroxyurea (HU), the predictors of response, and patients' triggers for switching to ruxolitinib are uncertain. In a real-world analysis, we evaluated the predictors of response, their impact on the clinical outcomes of CR to HU, and the correlations between partial or no response (PR/NR) and a patient switching to ruxolitinib. Among 563 PV patients receiving HU for ≥12 months, 166 (29.5%) achieved CR, 264 achieved PR, and 133 achieved NR. In a multivariate analysis, the absence of splenomegaly (p = 0.03), pruritus (p = 0.002), and a median HU dose of ≥1 g/day (p < 0.001) remained associated with CR. Adverse events were more frequent with a median HU dose of ≥1 g/day. Overall, 283 PR/NR patients (71.3%) continued HU, and 114 switched to ruxolitinib. In the 449 patients receiving only HU, rates of thrombosis, hemorrhages, progression, and overall survival were comparable among the CR, PR, and NR groups. Many PV patients received underdosed HU, leading to lower CR and toxicity rates. In addition, many patients continued HU despite a PR/NR; however, splenomegaly and other symptoms were the main drivers of an early switch. Better HU management, standardization of the criteria for and timing of responses to HU, and adequate intervention in poor responders should be advised.

Visual evoked potentials waveform analysis to measure intracortical damage in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are a non-invasive technique routinely used in clinical and preclinical practice. Discussion about inclusion of VEPs in McDonald criteria, used for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) diagnosis, increased the importance of VEP in MS preclinical models. While the interpretation of the N1 peak is recognized, less is known about the first and second positive VEP peaks, P1 and P2, and the implicit time of the different segments. Our hypothesis is that P2 latency delay describes intracortical neurophysiological dysfunction from the visual cortex to the other cortical areas. Methods: In this work, we analyzed VEP traces that were included in our two recently published papers on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. Compared with these previous publications other VEP peaks, P1 and P2, and the implicit time of components P1-N1, N1-P2 and P1-P2, were analyzed in blind. Results: Latencies of P2, P1-P2, P1-N1 and N1-P2 were increased in all EAE mice, including group without N1 latency change delay at early time points. In particular, at 7 dpi the P2 latency delay change was significantly higher compared with N1 latency change delay. Moreover, new analysis of these VEP components under the influence of neurostimulation revealed a decrease in P2 delay in stimulated animals. Discussion: P2 latency delay, P1-P2, P1-N1, and N1-P2 latency changes which reflect intracortical dysfunction, were consistently detected across all EAE groups before N1 change. Results underline the importance of analyzing all VEP components for a complete overview of the neurophysiological visual pathway dysfunction and treatment efficacy.

Exposure to nature is associated with decreased functional connectivity within the distress network: A resting state EEG study.

Introduction: Despite the well-established evidence supporting the restorative potential of nature exposure, the neurophysiological underpinnings of the restorative cognitive/emotional effect of nature are not yet fully understood. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between exposure to nature and electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity in the distress network. Methods: Fifty-three individuals (11 men and 42 women; mean age 21.38 ± 1.54 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: (i) a green group and (ii) a gray group. A slideshow consisting of images depicting natural and urban scenarios were, respectively, presented to the green and the gray group. Before and after the slideshow, 5 min resting state (RS) EEG recordings were performed. The exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) software was used to execute all EEG analyses. Results: Compared to the gray group, the green group showed a significant increase in positive emotions (F 1; 50 = 9.50 p = 0.003) and in the subjective experience of being full of energy and alive (F 1; 50 = 4.72 p = 0.035). Furthermore, as compared to urban pictures, the exposure to natural images was associated with a decrease of delta functional connectivity in the distress network, specifically between the left insula and left subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (T = -3.70, p = 0.023). Discussion: Our results would seem to be in accordance with previous neurophysiological studies suggesting that experiencing natural environments is associated with brain functional dynamics linked to emotional restorative processes.

Child Maltreatment, Abuse, and Neglect: An Umbrella Review of Their Prevalence and Definitions.

Objective: Child maltreatment (CM) is a recognized public health problem, and epidemiologic data suggest that it is a widespread phenomenon, albeit with widely varying estimates. Indeed, CM as well as child abuse (CA) and neglect (CN) are complex phenomena that are difficult to study for several reasons, including terminological and definitional problems that pose a hurdle to estimating epidemiological rates. Therefore, the main aim of this umbrella review is to revise recent review data on the epidemiology of CM, CA, and CN. A second aim was to revise the definitions used. Method: A systematic search of three databases was performed in March 2022. Recent reviews (published in the last 5 years: 2017-March 2022) addressing the epidemiological rates of CM, CA, and/or CN were included. Results: Of the 314 documents retrieved by the selected search strategy, the eligibility assessment yielded a total of 29 eligible documents. Because of the great heterogeneity among them, a qualitative rather than a quantitative synthesis was performed. Conclusions: The data from this umbrella review show that the different age groups, methods, and instruments used in the literature to collect the data on the epidemiology of CM make it difficult to compare the results. Although definitions appear to be quite homogeneous, CM categorization varies widely across studies. Furthermore, this umbrella review shows that the CM reviews considered do not examine some particular forms of CM such as parental overprotection. The results are discussed in detail throughout the paper.

Dissociative experiences of compartmentalization are associated with food addiction symptoms: results from a cross-sectional report.

PURPOSE: Studies have shown significant associations of dissociative symptoms with both eating and addictive disorders; however, the different forms of dissociation have been relatively understudied in relation to food addiction (FA). The main aim of this study was to investigate the association of certain forms of dissociative experiences (i.e., absorption, detachment and compartmentalization) with FA symptoms in a nonclinical sample. METHODS: Participants (N = 755; 543 women; age range: 18-65; mean age: 28.22 ± 9.99 years) were evaluated using self-report measures of FA, dissociation, eating disturbances, and general psychopathology. RESULTS: Compartmentalization experiences (defined as pathological over-segregation of higher mental functions) were independently associated with FA symptoms (ß = 0.174; p = 0.013; CI = [0.008; 0.064]) even when confounding factors were controlled for. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that compartmentalization symptoms can have a role in the conceptualization of FA, with such two phenomena possibly sharing common pathogenic processes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Nationwide Survey on the Use of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists (TPO-RA) for the Management of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Current Clinical Practice in Italy.

Background: Two thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RA), romiplostim and eltrombopag, are currently widely adopted as second-line ITP therapy even in the absence of robust evidence on their comparative advantages over rituximab or splenectomy or their preferential use in some specific clinical contexts. Methods: An online survey was distributed between May 2021 and June 2021 to collect standardized information on TPO-RA use in Italy. Results: Eighty-eight hematologists from 79 centers completed the survey. Eighty-four percent would use TPO-RA earlier than formally indicated, without a preference for young or elderly in 82% of respondents. No clear preference for either romiplostim or eltrombopag was indicated. Seventy-two percent would use TPO-RA in young patients aiming at a complete response followed by tapering, a strategy considered by only 16% in the elderly. Switching between the two agents was considered appropriate in case of insufficient response or intolerance. Tapering schedule by reducing the dosage and prolonging the intervals between administrations was preferred by 73% of respondents. TPO-RA was considered a risk factor for thrombosis by only 35%, and 94% would administer TPO-RA in elderly patients also in the presence of other thrombotic risk factors. Thirty-three percent of respondents would withdraw TPO-RA in case of thrombosis. The TPORA administration has been reported to be preferred over anti-CD20 or splenectomy by about half of the participants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Significant discrepancies in TPO-RA use emerged from the survey, and participants would appreciate consensus-based specific guidance on the practical use of TPO-RA.

Obesity and Wound Healing: Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Chronic wounds represent nowadays a major challenge for both clinicians and researchers in the regenerative setting. Obesity represents one of the major comorbidities in patients affected by chronic ulcers and therefore diverse studies aimed at assessing possible links between these two morbid conditions are currently ongoing. In particular, adipose tissue has recently been described as having metabolic and endocrine functions rather than serving as a mere fat storage deposit. In this setting, adipose-derived stem cells, a peculiar subset of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) located in adipose tissue, have been demonstrated to possess regenerative and immunological functions with a key role in regulating both adipocyte function and skin regeneration. The aim of the present review is to give an overview of the most recent findings on wound healing, with a special focus on adipose tissue biology and obesity.

Wound Healing after Acellular Dermal Substitute Positioning in Dermato-Oncological Surgery: A Prospective Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: MatriDerm and Integra are both widely used collagenic acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in the surgical setting, with similar characteristics in terms of healing time and clinical indication. The aim of the present study is to compare the two ADMs in terms of clinical and histological results in the setting of dermato-oncological surgery. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with medical indications to undergo surgical excision of skin cancers were treated with a 2-step procedure at our Dermatologic Surgery Unit. Immediately after tumor removal, both ADMs were positioned on the wound bed, one adjacent to the other. Closure through split-thickness skin grafting was performed after approximately 3 weeks. Conventional histology, immunostaining and ELISA assay were performed on cutaneous samples at different timepoints. RESULTS: No significant differences were detected in terms of either final clinical outcomes or in extracellular matrix content of the neoformed dermis. However, Matriderm was observed to induce scar retraction more frequently. In contrast, Integra was shown to carry higher infectious risk and to be more slowly reabsorbed into the wound bed. Sometimes foreign body-like granulomatous reactions were also observed, especially in Integra samples. CONCLUSIONS: Even in the presence of subtle differences between the ADMs, comparable global outcomes were demonstrated after dermato-oncological surgery.

The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma, Pathological Dissociation, and Behavioral Addictions in Young Adults: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study.

Interactions between childhood trauma (CT) and dissociation can contribute to psychiatric disturbances. We explored this phenomenon in relation to behavioral addictions (BAs) in a sample (n = 633) of young adults (age: 18-34 years). Self-report measures investigating CT, dissociation, and symptoms related to gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, problematic social media use, exercise dependence and compulsive buying were used. Scales related to BAs were summarized into a single measure ("Total Behavioral Addiction Index" - TBAI) for inferential analyses. A model analyzing the direct and indirect effects of CT on TBAI through the mediation of pathological dissociation was performed, controlling for confounding factors. Measures on CT, dissociation, and TBAI were significantly associated with each other (all p < .001). The total effect of CT on TBAI was significant (B = 0.063; CI: 0.045; 0.081); pathological dissociation significantly mediated such association (B = 0.023; CI: 0.013; 0.036). Our findings support the possibility that the interaction between CT and dissociation contributes to increase disturbances related to BAs.