ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: A standardized three-dimensional ultrasonographic (3DUS) protocol is described that allows fetal face reconstruction. Ability to identify cleft lip with 3DUS using this protocol was assessed by operators with minimal 3DUS experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 260 stored volumes of fetal face were analyzed using a standardized protocol by operators with different levels of competence in 3DUS. The outcomes studied were: (1) the performance of post-processing 3D face volumes for the detection of facial clefts; (2) the ability of a resident with minimal 3DUS experience to reconstruct the acquired facial volumes, and (3) the time needed to reconstruct each plane to allow proper diagnosis of a cleft. RESULTS: The three orthogonal planes of the fetal face (axial, sagittal and coronal) were adequately reconstructed with similar performance when acquired by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist or by residents with minimal experience (72 vs. 76%, p = 0.629). The learning curve for manipulation of 3DUS volumes of the fetal face corresponds to 30 cases and is independent of the operator's level of experience. DISCUSSION: The learning curve for the standardized protocol we describe is short, even for inexperienced sonographers. This technique might decrease the length of anatomy ultrasounds and improve the ability to visualize fetal face anomalies.
Subject(s)
Face/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods , Face/abnormalities , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/statistics & numerical data , Maxillofacial Abnormalities/diagnostic imaging , Observer Variation , Reference Standards , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
It has been postulated that parathormone, calcitonine, insulin and catecholamines are involved in extracellular magnesium homeostasis. Yet, there is still a rudimentary knowledge of the endocrine factors that control circulating magnesium homeostasis. The effects of exogenous glucagon injection on circulating total and ionized magnesium were investigated in 11 healthy humans (five females and six males, aged between 21 and 30, median 26 years). As compared with a control study, intravenous injection of a bolus of 1 mg of glucagon was associated with the expected raised glucose (at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min) and with decreased potassium (at 20 and 30 min) and inorganic phosphate (at 20 and 30 min) levels. Intravenous glucagon was not followed by significant changes in plasma total and ionized magnesium. Consequently, there is still little evidence for a glucagon-dependent control of the extracellular magnesium concentration after acute administration of glucagon.
