TL1A priming induces a multi-cytokine Th9 cell phenotype that promotes robust allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma.

Multi-cytokine-producing Th9 cells secrete IL-9 and type 2 cytokines and mediate mouse and human allergic inflammation. However, the cytokines that promote a multi-cytokine secreting phenotype have not been defined. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member TL1A signals through its receptor DR3 to increase IL-9. Here we demonstrate that TL1A increases expression of IL-9 and IL-13 co-expressing cells in murine Th9 cell cultures, inducing a multi-cytokine phenotype. Mechanistically, this is linked to histone modifications allowing for increased accessibility at the Il9 and Il13 loci. We further show that TL1A alters the transcription factor network underlying expression of IL-9 and IL-13 in Th9 cells and increases binding of transcription factors to Il9 and Il13 loci. TL1A-priming enhances the pathogenicity of Th9 cells in murine models of allergic airway disease through the increased expression of IL-9 and IL-13. Lastly, in both chronic and memory-recall models of allergic airway disease, blockade of TL1A signaling decreases the multi-cytokine Th9 cell population and attenuates the allergic phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TL1A promotes the development of multi-cytokine Th9 cells that drive allergic airway diseases and that targeting pathogenic T helper cell-promoting cytokines could be an effective approach for modifying disease.

High-fat feeding disrupts daily eating behavior rhythms in obesity-prone but not in obesity-resistant male inbred mouse strains.

Abnormal meal timing, like skipping breakfast and late-night snacking, is associated with obesity in humans. Disruption of daily eating rhythms also contributes to obesity in mice. When fed a high-fat diet, male C57BL/6J mice have disrupted eating behavior rhythms and they become obese. In contrast to obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice, some inbred strains of mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. In this study, we sought to determine whether there are distinct effects of high-fat feeding on daily eating behavior rhythms in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant male mice. Male obesity-prone (C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ) and obesity-resistant (SWR/J and BALB/cJ) mice were fed low-fat diet or high-fat diet for 6 wk. Consistent with previous studies, obesity-prone male mice gained more weight and adiposity during high-fat diet feeding than obesity-resistant male mice. The amplitude of the daily rhythm of eating behavior was markedly attenuated in male obesity-prone mice fed high-fat diet, but not in obesity-resistant males. In contrast, high-fat feeding did not differentially affect locomotor activity rhythms in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant male mice. Together, these data suggest that regulation of the daily rhythm of eating may underlie the propensity to develop diet-induced obesity in male mice.