ABSTRACT
By screening singly and binary mixed 2,13- and 3,13-octadecadien-yl acetates and alcohols (2,13- and 3,13-18: Ac/OH)in Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and the far east of Russia, sex attractants were discovered for 12 Sesiidae, four Tineidae, and one Choreutidae moth species. Males ofSesia yezoensis andBembecia puella as well asNemapogon flavifrons were attracted by mixture ofZ3,Z13-18:Ac/OH in a ratio of 9â¶1,Pyropteron sp. n. by the same mixture (ratio 1â¶9),Bembecia romanovi andB. zuwandica byZ3,Z13-18:Ac andE3,Z13-18:Ac (9â¶1),Synanthedon caucasicum by the same mixture in the opposite ratio (1â¶9),B. scopigera by 23,213-18:Ac andE2,Z13-18:OH in a ratio 9â¶1,Synasphecia triannuliformis byZ3,Z13-18:OH andE3,Z13-18:OH (9â¶1),Similipepsis takizawai andArchimeessia sp. n. by E3,Z13-18:OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac (1â¶1),Prochoreutis sechestediana by a mixture ofE3,Z13-18:Ac plusE2,Z13-18:OH (1â¶),Microsphecia brosiformis by E3,Z13-18:Ac,Synanthedon conopiformis by the analogous alcohol,Synanthedon scoliaeformis andNemaxera betulinella byE2,Z13-18:Ac,Triaxomera fulvimitrella byZ3,Z13-18:Ac. An analogous alcohol component is essential for the attraction ofB. ichneumoniformis males. Inhibitors forB. romanovi, B. scopigera andB. zuwandica attraction were discovered. Preliminary data on attractants for six other species as well as on the diurnal rhythm of sexual activity of three species are presented. A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of 3,13-18:Ac/OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac/OH is described.
ABSTRACT
Various blends of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (E,Z2,13-18: OAc), (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate (ZOAc) (two previously identified pheromone components of the currant borer,Synanthedon tipuliformis females), (E,Z)-, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetates (E,Z- andZ,Z3,13-18:OAc), andZ,Z-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol (Z,Z3,13-18:OH) were evaluated in field traps in three geographic regions. MaleS. tipuliformis were attracted toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in Tasmania, New Zealand, and Hungary. Captures were not influenced by the addition ofZ13-18: OAc, tested in Tasmania and Hungary. In Hungary and New Zealand, the addition ofE,Z3,13-18: OAc toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 100:3 was strongly synergistic; however, in Tasmania captures were reduced. The addition ofZ,Z3,13-18: OAc toE,Z2,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 10â¶1 resulted in strong inhibition of trap captures in Hungary. WhenZ,Z3,13-18: OAc was added in different ratios to a 100:3 binary mixture ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18:OAc in Hungary, it strongly reduced captures at, or above a ratio of 100â¶3â¶3 but no decrease was recorded at a ratio of 100â¶3â¶1. In New Zealand and Tasmania it reduced captures at a ratio of 100â¶3â¶1. Observations of behavioral responses of maleS. tipuliformis in Hungary to synthetic baits in the field showed thatE,Z2,13-18:OAcby itself evoked close-range approaches to the source from only 20% of males, whereas the addition ofE,Z3,13-18:OAc in a ratio of 100â¶3 raised that value to 65 %. Landing on the source was significant only at sources with a 100â¶3â¶0.1â¶3â¶10 blend ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18: OAc/Z,Z3,13-18: OAc/Z,Z3,13-18: OH/Z13-18: OAc. A 100â¶3 binary mixture ofE,Z2,13-18:OAc/E,Z3,13-18:OAc in a dose range of 10-1000 µg can be recommended for more effective field monitoring ofS. tipuliformis populations in Hungary and in New Zealand. In Tasmania, at present,E,Z2,13-18: OAc by itself is the most potent sex attractant of the species.
ABSTRACT
Responses of the male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), to two sex pheromone components and female crude extract were studied. Both in a wind tunnel and the field, males were better able to locate a source consisting of a 1â¶1 mixture of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate than a source consisting of the triene alone. The addition of the diene increased the time spent in the vicinity of the pheromone source, time spent on the source itself, and also increased the average number of visits to the source per individual when compared to the triene alone. The triene elicited high levels of locomotor activity and may play a major role in eliciting earlier (long-range) steps in the behavioral sequence of sexually activated moths. The diene appeared to influence later (short-range) behavior. The behavioral responses of males to a 1â¶1 mixture of the diene and triene were similar to those elicited by female crude extract.
ABSTRACT
The blood volume pulse (BVP) measured by a photoplethysmograph was recorded in 43 children with behavior and learning problems before and after either stimulant drug treatment or placebo. A series of twenty-four 750-cps tones was presented at 10-sec. intervals, with one trial having a doubled interval and one with a halved interval. A 1,000-cps tone was introduced following the 24th trial. As predicted, the drug-treated subjects showed significantly more rapid habituation to the tones. They also showed more variability of BVP following the longer intertriai interval, but showed less variability following the introduction of the high tone. The results are interpreted as showing that the stimulant has the effect of raising autonomie arousal level with consequently more rapid habituation of the orienting response.
