ABSTRACT
Neonicotinoids are highly consumed systemic insecticides that mimic acetylcholine (ACh) with a specific mode of action at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The insecticide Actara® (active ingredient thiamethoxam- TMX) is a commercial formulation widely used for the control of various agricultural pest species. However, negative effects of TMX have been observed in non-target organisms. This work aimed to evaluate the biological effects of the commercial formulation Actara® on the aquatic non-target and non-biting larvae of Chironomus xanthus (Diptera). The lethal (LC50) and sublethal (body length, head capsule width, cumulative emergence, and mean time to emergence-EmT50) effects were determined in two subsequent generations (P and F1). The estimated 48 h LC50 for C. xanthus larvae exposed to Actara® was 73.02 µg TMX/L. By looking at the sublethal effects of Actara on the life cycle parameters of C. xanthus, we determined that none of the concentrations used induced a significantly different response in the organisms, compared to the control treatment (NOEC > 2 µg TMX/L). However, the head capsule width in the parental (P) generation exposed to Actara (≥ 0.9 µg TMX/L) was significantly bigger than the head capsule width of control animals. Overall, our results highlight that, at environmentally relevant concentrations, the commercial formulation Actara® is non-toxic to C. xanthus.
Subject(s)
Chironomidae , Insecticides , Animals , Thiamethoxam/pharmacology , Neonicotinoids/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Larva , Nitro Compounds/toxicityABSTRACT
Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a eficiência e resposta quanto ao uso de nitrogênio de cultivares de arroz em solos de terras altas no sul do Estado de Tocantins. Os tratamentos envolveram seis cultivares comerciais de arroz (BRS-Bonança BRS-Caiapó, BRS-Sertaneja, BRSMG-Curinga, BRSMG-Conai e BRS-Primavera), que foram cultivadas em dois ambientes distintos. Para simular ambientes com baixo e alto nível de nitrogênio, foram utilizadas as doses 20 e 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Através da produtividade de grãos, classificou-se as cultivares quanto à eficiência no uso e resposta a aplicação de nitrogênio. Não foram identificadas cultivares consideradas eficientes e responsivas a aplicação de nitrogênio. As cultivares BRS-Bonança, BRS-Caiapó e BRS-Primavera mostraram-se eficientes e não responsivas à aplicação de nitrogênio.
This research's objective was to study the efficiency in the usage of nitrogen in rice cultivars on high land in the south of Tocantins State. The experiments involved sex commercial cultivars of rice (BRS-Bonança BRSCaiapó, BRS-Sertaneja, BRSMG-Curinga, BRSMG-Conai and BRS-Primavera), which were farmed in two distinct environments. In order to stimulate areas with high and low nitrogen levels, there were used doses of 20 and 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5 respectively. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized blocks design, with four replicates. Throughout production the grain's productivity was classified as efficient cultivars in respect to the application and response of nitrogen. Did not identify efficient cultivars in response to the usage of nitrogen. The cultivars BRS-Bonança, BRS-Caiapó and BRS-Primavera demonstrated efficiencies in the use of nitrogen and no responsive to its application.
