ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem. The antibiotic resistance of Moroccan strains of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated from 1996 to 1997. A total of 51 strains were collected within this period, 31 derived from human sources and 20 from food. Of the 31 human strains, 10 were resistant to antibiotics; 4 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Of the 20 food strains, 11 were resistant to antibiotics; 6 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The results are similar to those obtained from strains isolated from other Mediterranean countries.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Salmonella enteritidis , Food Microbiology , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Morocco/epidemiology , Phenotype , Population Surveillance , Salmonella enteritidis/classification , Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification , SerotypingABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem. The antibiotic resistance of Moroccan strains of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated from 1996 to 1997. A total of 51 strains were collected within this period, 31 derived from human sources and 20 from food. Of the 31 human strains, 10 were resistant to antibiotics; 4 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Of the 20 food strains, 11 were resistant to antibiotics; 6 were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The results are similar to those obtained from strains isolated from other Mediterranean countries
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Microbial , Food , Food Microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Salmonella enteritidisABSTRACT
The action of ethanol (ETH) on murine lymphocyte subpopulations and on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro by mitogens was studied. ETH caused a concentration-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis in the different murine cell types. ETH was more immunosuppressive for T lymphocytes than for B lymphocytes. An enhancement of the blastogenic response was observed for B cells at 0.5% ETH. Interleukin 2 synthesis by murine splenocytes was inhibited by ETH in a concentration-related manner; the lowest concentrations of ETH caused an increase in interleukin 2 synthesis. The highest concentrations of ETH tested decreased the size of the cell clusters formed in cultures of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, whereas an increase in PBMC cluster size was observed in the presence of 0.5 and 1% ETH.
Subject(s)
DNA/biosynthesis , Ethanol/pharmacology , Interleukin-2/biosynthesis , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Humans , Interleukin-2/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Lymphocytes/immunology , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Mice , Spleen/cytology , Thymus Gland/cytologyABSTRACT
The action of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, on oxidative products formed by immune mononuclear cells was studied by flow cytometry. Jurkat T-cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; this substance is hydrolyzed in the cells leading to non-fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin which is oxidized by oxygen reactive species into highly fluorescent 2,7'-dichlorofluorescein. Using this fluorescent probe, the formation of oxygen reactive species in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells treated by NDGA or indomethacin was followed by flow cytometry. We observed that NDGA caused a marked decrease, both in the level of fluorescence intensity and in the number of fluorescent cells, whereas indomethacin caused a small increase in fluorescence intensity. On the other hand, NDGA inhibited and indomethacin increased the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. These results suggest that oxygen reactive species are involved in the stimulation of immune mononuclear cells.
Subject(s)
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors , Monocytes/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Flow Cytometry , Fluorescence , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Indomethacin/pharmacology , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Monocytes/drug effects , Monocytes/immunology , Oxidation-Reduction , Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Thymidine/metabolismABSTRACT
Oxidative products formed by immune mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry. JURKAT T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. This substance was hydrolysed in the cells, leading to a non-fluorescent product which was oxidized into highly fluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein by oxygen reactive species. These latter products were analysed by flow cytometry in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated ethanol (ETH)-treated mononuclear cells. The level of fluorescence intensity (FI) was found higher in stimulated cells than in non-stimulated cells. ETH displayed two different effects on the cells: either a decrease of FI associated with a decrease of the number of fluorescent cells (FC) or an increase in FI. Both effects were dose-dependent. ETH is an effective scavenger of .OH radicals, but it is also oxidized by the microsomal ETH oxidizing system with production of oxygen reactive species, which probably explains the opposite effects of ETH. In the presence of desferal, an iron-chelating agent, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of the lipooxygenase pathway, the cells showed a decrease of FI and FC. These results suggest that .OH and other oxygen reactive species are involved in stimulation by PHA of ETH-treated immune mononuclear cells.
