ABSTRACT
Anemia is the most frequent derailment of physiology in the world throughout the life of a woman. It is a serious condition in countries that are industrialized and in countries with poor resources. The main purpose of this manuscript is to give the right concern of anemia in pregnancy. The most common causes of anemia are poor nutrition, iron deficiencies, micronutrients deficiencies including folic acid, vitamin A and vitamin B12, diseases like malaria, hookworm infestation and schistosomiasis, HIV infection and genetically inherited hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia. Depending on the severity and duration of anemia and the stage of gestation, there could be different adverse effects including low birth weight and preterm delivery. Treatment of mild anemia prevents more severe forms of anemia, strictly associated with increased risk of fetal-maternal mortality and morbidity.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/etiology , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/etiology , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diagnosis , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/drug therapy , Dietary Supplements , Female , Humans , Iron Compounds/therapeutic use , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/drug therapy , Prenatal CareSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control , Health Promotion , Maternal Health Services/methods , Obesity/prevention & control , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/prevention & control , Chronic Disease , Diabetes Mellitus/etiology , Female , Global Health , Health Behavior , Humans , Life Style , Obesity/etiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Diabetics/etiology , Pregnancy in Diabetics/prevention & control , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Health Policy , Maternal Welfare , Female , Global Health , HumansSubject(s)
Child Welfare , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Health Policy , Maternal Welfare , Reproductive Health , Child , Chronic Disease/mortality , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Organizations , PregnancySubject(s)
Capacity Building/organization & administration , Health Personnel/education , Women's Health Services/organization & administration , Female , Global Health , Health Status Indicators , Humans , Reproductive Health Services/organization & administration , Reproductive Health Services/standards , Reproductive Health Services/trends , Women's Health , Women's Health Services/standards , Women's Health Services/trendsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are not licensed for use in pregnancy but are used without robust surveillance to treat hypertension in pregnancy and preterm labour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fetomaternal safety of CCB in pregnancy by a quantitative systematic review. METHODS: Medline (1996-2005), EMBASE (1996-2003), BIOSIS (1993-2003), Current contents (1995-2003), DERWENT DRUGFILE (1983-2003) and Cochrane Library (2005: issue 3). The number of women reporting an adverse event was used to compute a percentage of the total number of women in whom the occurrence of that event or confirmation of its absence was reported. Meta-regression with generalised estimation equations modelling explored reasons for heterogeneity, seeking factors that increased the rates of the most commonly reported adverse events. FINDINGS: Of 269 relevant reports, including 5607 women, adverse fetomaternal events varied according to the total dose of nifedipine and study design. Adverse events were highest amongst women given more than 60 mg total dose of nifedipine [odds ratio (OR) 3.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-11.2, p = 0.017] and in reports from case series compared to controlled studies (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.17-5.15, p = 0.018). INTERPRETATION: Adverse event rates generated from this study provide an evidence base for clinical guidelines and informed patient consent for CCB use in pregnancy.
