SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing among disadvantaged populations during epidemic intervals should be a priority strategy: results from a pilot experiment in Barcelona.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to trace contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalised patients and determine the risk factors of infection in urban areas. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal analysis of contacts identified from index cases. METHODS: A contact tracing study was carried out in the Northern Metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain, during the inter-epidemic lapse of May to July 2020, a period of low SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Index cases were notified from the referral hospital. Contacts were traced and followed up for 14 days. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on day 0 and day 14 for contacts. RESULTS: In total, 368 contacts were identified from 81 index cases (median of seven contacts per index case), from which 308 were traced successfully. The median age of contacts was 28 years, 62% (223 of 368) were men. During the follow-up period, 100 contacts tested positive for COVID-19 (32.5% [95% confidence interval {CI} = 27.3-38.0]), with a secondary infection rate of 48.3% (95% CI = 40.8-55.9) among housemates. Clusters of index and respective contacts tended to aggregate within disadvantaged neighbourhoods (P < 0.001), and non-national index cases (N = 28, 34.1%) resulted in higher secondary infection rates compared with nationals (51.0% [95% CI = 41.0-60.9] vs 22.3% [95% CI = 16.8-28.8]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Disadvantaged communities experience a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 and may act as infection reservoirs. Contact tracing with a cross-cutting approach among these communities is required, especially during inter-epidemic periods.

¿La crisis económica condiciona la aparición de un nuevo perfil de riesgo en viajeros internacionales? / Has the economic crisis led to a new risk profile for international travelers?

Introducción. La crisis económica mundial condiciona la migración de trabajadores europeos hacia países en vías de desarrollo con alta incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de este estudio es valorar si este contexto produce un aumento de los riesgos de los viajeros internacionales que se desplazan por motivos laborales (VML). Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo. La población de estudio fueron los VML atendidos antes de su viaje en una Unidad de Salud Internacional durante los años 2007 (año anterior al inicio de la crisis europea) y 2012 (con la crisis estructural establecida). Se realizó un análisis comparativo sociodemográfico y de los factores de riesgo presentes entre ambos grupos. Resultados. En 2007 y 2012 se atendieron un total de 9.197 viajeros. Los VML fueron 344 (3,4%); en 2007, 101 (2,8%) y en 2012, 243 (4,5%) (p<0,001). La edad media de los viajeros fue de 38,1 (DE: 10,57) años. El destino más frecuente fue África subsahariana con 164 (47,6%) casos. Se prescribió quimioprofilaxis antipalúdica a 152 (44%) y presentaban comorbilidades 80 (23,25%). Los VML del 2012 presentaron significativamente mayor edad (p=0,05), más comorbilidades (p=0,018), y mayor proporción de estancias en zonas rurales (p=0,009) durante periodos más largos (p=0,001). Conclusiones. A 5 años del inicio de la crisis económica, existe una variación en el perfil del VML. Su número ha aumentado significativamente, así como la proporción de los que presentan factores de riesgo para contraer enfermedades importadas. Las Unidades de Salud Internacional deberían adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias y adoptar medidas preventivas en dicho colectivo (AU)

Introduction. The economic world crisis has led to the migration of European workers to developing countries with a high incidence of infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to assess whether this context has produced an increase in the risks to international travelers for work reasons (TWR). Methods. Observational, retrospective study. The study population included TWR who were attended before traveling at an International Health Unit in the year 2007 (the year before the initiation of the European crisis) and in the year 2012 (when the structural crisis was established). A comparative socioeconomic analysis was performed as well as an analysis of the risk factors present in both groups. Results. In 2007 and 2012 a total of 9197 travelers were attended. Of these, there were 344 TWR (3.4%); 101 TWR (2.8%) in 2007 and 243 TWR (4.5%) in 2012 (p<.001). The average age of the travelers was 38.1 years (SD: 10.57). The most common destination was Sub-Saharan Africa, in 164 (47.6%) of the cases. Malaria chemoprophylaxis was prescribed to 152 travelers (44%) and 80 presented comorbidity (23.25%). The TWR from 2012 presented a significantly greater age (p=.05), more comorbidity (p=.018) and a greater proportion of stays in rural areas (p=.0009) for longer time periods (p=.001). Conclusions. At 5 years from the start of the economic crisis, there was a change in the profile of TWR. Their number has increased significantly, as has the proportion who present risk factors for contracting imported diseases. The International Health Units should adapt to these new circumstances and adopt preventive measures for this population (AU)

Has the economic crisis led to a new risk profile for international travellers? / ¿La crisis económica condiciona la aparición de un nuevo perfil de riesgo en viajeros internacionales?

INTRODUCTION: The economic world crisis has led to the migration of European workers to developing countries with a high incidence of infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to assess whether this context has produced an increase in the risks to international travellers for work reasons (TWR). METHODS: Observational, retrospective study. The study population included TWR who were attended before travelling at an International Health Unit in the year 2007 (the year before the initiation of the European crisis) and in the year 2012 (when the structural crisis was established). A comparative socioeconomic analysis was performed as well as an analysis of the risk factors present in both groups. RESULTS: In 2007 and 2012 a total of 9,197 travellers were attended. Of these, there were 344 TWR (3.4%); 101 TWR (2.8%) in 2007 and 243 TWR (4.5%) in 2012 (p<0.001). The average age of the travellers was 38.1 years (SD: 10.57). The most common destination was Sub-Saharan Africa, in 164 (47.6%) of the cases. Malaria chemoprophylaxis was prescribed to 152 travellers (44%) and 80 presented comorbidity (23.25%). The TWR from 2012 presented a significantly greater age (p=0.05), more comorbidity (p=0.018) and a greater proportion of stays in rural areas (p=0.0009) for longer time periods (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years from the start of the economic crisis, there was a change in the profile of TWR. Their number has increased significantly, as has the proportion who present risk factors for contracting imported diseases. The International Health Units should adapt to these new circumstances and adopt preventive measures for this population.

Immunosuppression and Chagas disease; experience from a non-endemic country.

Reactivation of Chagas disease in the chronic phase may occur when immunosuppression is established, sometimes resulting in high parasitaemia and severe clinical manifestations such as meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Although this situation is being increasingly described, there is still scarce information. This retrospective observational study was performed in three Tropical Medicine Units of Barcelona (Spain) included in the International Health Programme of the Catalan Health Institute (PROSICS). The objective of the study was to describe epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, prognostic and therapeutic data from patients with Chagas disease and any kind of immunosuppressive condition attended in these three institutions from January 2007 to October 2014. From 1823 patients with Chagas disease attending these three centres during the study period, 38 (2%) had some kind of immunosuppressive condition: 12 patients had human immunodeficiency virus infection, 8 patients had neoplasia, 4 patients underwent organ transplantation and 14 patients had an autoimmune disease. Eight (21.1%) patients had cardiac involvement, and six (15.8%) patients had gastrointestinal involvement. Acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection was detected in two Spanish patients. Thirty-one (81.6%) patients received treatment with benznidazole, of whom 17 (54.8%) had some kind of adverse event. No patient had a severe manifestation or reactivation of Chagas disease. Patients with Chagas disease under immunosuppressive conditions are being increasingly described, especially in non-endemic countries. More information about this topic is required and international consensus in the diagnosis, treatment and follow up of these patients must be established to reduce the morbidity and mortality.

Necrotizing and sarcoidal granulomas in the skin and synovial membrane, associated with common variable immunodeficiency.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinaemia, T-cell abnormalities and recurrent bacterial infections. Patients with CVID can present granulomatous lesions on both the skin and other organs. When these lesions are the first sign of the disease, the diagnosis can be very challenging. We report the case of a patient with undiagnosed CVID, who presented with necrotizing and sarcoidal granulomas on the skin and synovial membrane as the first appearance of immunodeficiency.

Un estudio clínico-epidemiológico de la población infectada por Trypanosoma cruzi en la zona metropolitana norte de Barcelona / A clinical and epidemiological study of the Trypanosoma cruzi infected population in the north metropolitan area of Barcelona

Antecedentes y objetivos. Como consecuencia inevitable de la inmigración latinoamericana, España y otros países europeos deben afrontar el abordaje de la infección/enfermedad chagásica de la que epidemiológicamente persisten más interrogantes que respuestas. El objetivo del estudio es describir la población diagnosticada de infección/enfermedad chagásica residente en la zona metropolitana norte de Barcelona (406.000 habitantes). Pacientes y método. El estudio, prospectivo y multicéntrico en 3 hospitales y una unidad de salud internacional (2007-2011), incluyó a todos los pacientes con serología positiva a Trypanosoma cruzi solicitada por la razón que fuere. Resultados. Los 139 casos estudiados representan unas incidencias anuales de: a) 0,68/10.000 habitantes, y b) 73,2/10.000 inmigrantes procedentes de zonas endémicas. Estaban enfermos (presentaron alteraciones en alguna prueba complementaria) 80 (57,6%): cardiológicas 62 (44,6%), gastroenterológicas 38 (27,3%) y 20 (14,4%) ambas. Según el Consenso Brasileño de cardiopatía chagásica, se encontraban en estadio 0=84 (60,4%); a=40 (28,7%); b1=4 (2,9%), b2=10 (7,2%) y c/d=1 (0,7%) pacientes. Se indicó tratamiento (benznidazol 5mg/kg/24h durante 60 días) en 116 (83,4%) pacientes, y 89 (76,7%) lo completaron. Presentaron efectos secundarios 56 (50,9%), lo que obligó a retirarlo en 21 ocasiones (19,1%). Conclusiones. En la zona metropolitana norte de Barcelona han sido diagnosticados menos casos de infección/enfermedad chagásica de los esperables. La serie contiene un elevado número de pacientes enfermos y posiblemente haya un número elevado de inmigrantes procedentes de zonas endémicas en la fase crónica asintomática de la infección que ignoran su estado(AU)

Background. As an inevitable consequence of Latin American immigration to Europe, Spain and other European countries, it is necessary to confront the approach to cases of Chagas infection/disease for which, epidemiologically, there are more questions than answers. This study has aimed to describe all the Chagas-infected population in the north metropolitan area of Barcelona (406,000 inhabitants). Patients and methods. A prospective and multicentric study was performed in 3 hospitals and 1 International Health Unit. It included all patients with Trypanosoma cruzi positive serology, regardless of the requesting reason.Results The 139 diagnosed cases represent an annual incidence of: a) 0.68/10,000 inhabitants and, b) 73.2/10,000 immigrants coming from endemic zones. Of the patients, 80 (57.6%) had alterations in some complementary tests: cardiologic 62 (44.6%), digestive 38 (27.3%) and 20 (14.4%) both. According to the Brazilian Consensus of Chagas cardiomyopathy, they were classified as: 0=84 (60.4%); a=40 (28.7%); b1=4 (2.9%), b2=10 (7.2%) and c/d=1 (0.7%). Treatment with benznidazole (5mg/kg/24h for 60 days) was prescribed in 116 (83.4%) patients, 89 (76.7%) of whom completed it. Secondary effects were recorded in 56 (50.9%), which made it necessary to withdraw it in 21 (19.1%). Conclusions. Fewer cases of Chagas infection/disease than expected have been diagnosed in the North Metropolitan area of Barcelona. The series contains a high number of patients and there may be an elevated number of immigrants from endemic zones who have the asymptomatic chronic stages of the infection and who were unaware of their condition(AU)

[A clinical and epidemiological study of the Trypanosoma cruzi infected population in the north metropolitan area of Barcelona]. / Un estudio clínico-epidemiológico de la población infectada por Trypanosoma cruzi en la zona metropolitana norte de Barcelona.

BACKGROUND: As an inevitable consequence of Latin American immigration to Europe, Spain and other European countries, it is necessary to confront the approach to cases of Chagas infection/disease for which, epidemiologically, there are more questions than answers. This study has aimed to describe all the Chagas-infected population in the north metropolitan area of Barcelona (406,000 inhabitants). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective and multicentric study was performed in 3 hospitals and 1 International Health Unit. It included all patients with Trypanosoma cruzi positive serology, regardless of the requesting reason.Results The 139 diagnosed cases represent an annual incidence of: a) 0.68/10,000 inhabitants and, b) 73.2/10,000 immigrants coming from endemic zones. Of the patients, 80 (57.6%) had alterations in some complementary tests: cardiologic 62 (44.6%), digestive 38 (27.3%) and 20 (14.4%) both. According to the Brazilian Consensus of Chagas cardiomyopathy, they were classified as: 0=84 (60.4%); a=40 (28.7%); b1=4 (2.9%), b2=10 (7.2%) and c/d=1 (0.7%). Treatment with benznidazole (5mg/kg/24h for 60 days) was prescribed in 116 (83.4%) patients, 89 (76.7%) of whom completed it. Secondary effects were recorded in 56 (50.9%), which made it necessary to withdraw it in 21 (19.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Fewer cases of Chagas infection/disease than expected have been diagnosed in the North Metropolitan area of Barcelona. The series contains a high number of patients and there may be an elevated number of immigrants from endemic zones who have the asymptomatic chronic stages of the infection and who were unaware of their condition.

Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities in Latin American migrants with newly diagnosed Chagas disease 2005-2009, Barcelona, Spain.

Following Latin American migration, Chagas disease has inevitably appeared in non-endemic countries in Europe and elsewhere. New policies are necessary to prevent transmission in those countries but the long, often undetected chronic period of the early stages of the disease also renders epidemiological studies important. The main objective of our study was to determine the presence of clinical, electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiographic abnormalities in a population of Latin American migrants infected with Trypanosoma cruzi at the moment of diagnosis. We performed a hospital-based observational study of 100 adult patients with newly diagnosed Chagas infection between January 2005 and December 2009. Thirty-seven patients were classified within the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas cardiomyopathy early cardiac stages (A or B1) and 49 presented pathological findings (stage B2) according to the Panamerican Health Organization Classification. Overall, 49 patients showed ECG and/or echocardiographic alterations. The presence of ECG and ecocardiographic alterations were significantly associated (p=0.038). The most frequent ECG and echocardiographic findings were right bundle branch block (12 cases) and impaired left ventricular wall relaxation (24 cases), respectively. In conclusion, ECG and echocardiographic alterations coherent with Chagas cardiomyopathy were found in a large proportion of newly diagnosed Latin American migrants infected with T. cruzi. In the mid-term, Chagas disease might become an important cause of chronic cadiomyopathy in our attendance area.

Automatic image analysis methods for the determination of stereological parameters - application to the analysis of densification during solid state sintering of WC-Co compacts

Automatic image analysis methods which were used to determine microstructural parameters of sintered materials are presented. Estimation of stereological parameters at interfaces, when the system contains more than two phases, is particularly detailed. It is shown that the specific surface areas and mean curvatures of the various interfaces can be estimated in the numerical space of the images. The methods are applied to the analysis of densification during solid state sintering of WC-Co compacts. The microstructural evolution is commented on. Application of microstructural measurements to the analysis of densification kinetics is also discussed.