ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Early family-level and social-level stressors are both assumed to be the components of two main path models explaining the association between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and its long-term consequences on mental health explored through life-course epidemiological studies. AIMS: To investigate the association between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and mental health outcomes in adulthood when taking into account early family and social stressors. METHODS: A retrospective French cohort study of 3023 adults representative of the general population in the Paris metropolitan area was conducted in 2005 through at-home, face-to-face interviews. The outcomes measures were current depression and lifetime suicide attempt, intimate partner violence, violence against children and alcohol dependence. RESULTS: The adults exposed to interparental violence during childhood had a higher risk of psychosocial maladjustment. After adjusting for family- and social-level stressors in childhood, this risk was, respectively, 1.44 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.00) for depression, 3.17 (1.75 to 5.73) for conjugal violence, 4.75 (1.60 to 14.14) for child maltreatment and 1.75 (1.19 to 2.57) for alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS: The adult consequences of parental violence in childhood-and this independently of the other forms of domestic violence and the related psychosocial risks-should lead to intensifying the prevention of and screening for this form of maltreatment of children.
Subject(s)
Domestic Violence/psychology , Parents/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Alcoholism/psychology , Child , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paris/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Social Adjustment , Socioeconomic Factors , Spouse Abuse/psychology , Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) in urban and rural areas of Cambodia in 1995, and to document the decreasing trend since 1955. To compare tuberculosis (TB) estimates based on ARTI with active case finding activities and tuberculosis notification data. METHODS: Two national representative samples of 3524 and 4407 schoolchildren were tested with 1 TU of tuberculin, PPD RT23/Tween 80. Estimates based on ARTI were compared with the results of both active TB case finding and case notification, using WHO/IUATLD-recommended quarterly reports available country-wide since 1994. FINDINGS: ARTI was estimated to be 0.75% (0.56-0.96%) in Cambodia in 1995 using a 10 mm induration cut-off point. The average ARTI annual decrease was 4.2% per year in Phnom Penh and 4.9% per year in the provincial areas from 1955 to 1995. The estimated TB incidence based on urban ARTI is 2.4 times lower than the TB notification rate in 1995, and 4.3 times lower than the incidence estimated from the screening survey. CONCLUSION: The ARTI has regularly declined over time. Predicting the TB incidence from ARTI should be complemented in Cambodia by ongoing prevalence surveys. More accurate estimates are needed to maintain political support for the National Tuberculosis Programme.
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Cambodia/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Health Surveys , Humans , Incidence , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Rural Health/trends , Time Factors , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/etiology , Urban Health/trendsABSTRACT
Epidemiological research has provided a better knowledge of lead poisoning effects on neuro-cognitive development of children. The increased sensitivity of screening biological tests and the decrease of the therapeutic threshold of intervention make primary prevention even more necessary. The oral route being responsible for the most severe morbidity of lead poisoning in children, screening must first specify the risk factors associated with oral lead absorption according to the age of children and local exposure to sources of lead.
