Fully automated derivation of coronary artery calcium scores and cardiovascular risk assessment from contrast medium-enhanced coronary CT angiography studies.

OBJECTIVES: Performance evaluation of a fully automated system for calculating computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium scores from contrast medium-enhanced coronary CT angiography (cCTA) studies. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients (58 ± 11 years, 71 men) who had undergone cCTA as well as an unenhanced CT calcium scoring study where included. Calcium scores were computed from cCTA by an automated image processing algorithm and compared with calcium scores obtained by standard manual assessment of unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. Results were compared vis-a-vis (1) absolute calcium score values, (2) age-, gender- and race-dependent percentiles, and (3) commonly used calcium score risk classification categories. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen out of 127 (93.7%) studies were successfully processed. Mean Agatston calcium score values obtained by traditional non-contrast CT calcium scoring studies and derived from contrast medium-enhanced cCTA did not significantly differ (235.6 ± 430.5 vs 262.0 ± 499.5; P > 0.05). Calcium score risk categories and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) percentiles showed very high correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.97, P < 0.0001/0.95, P < 0.0001) between the two approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium score values automatically computed from cCTA are highly correlated with standard unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. These results suggest a radiation dose- and time-saving potential when deriving calcium scores from cCTA studies without a preceding unenhanced CT calcium scoring study.

CT evaluation of coronary artery stents with iterative image reconstruction: improvements in image quality and potential for radiation dose reduction.

OBJECTIVES: Comparison of coronary artery stent assessment with cardiac CT angiography (cCTA) using traditional filtered back projection (FBP) and sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE), in both full- and half-radiation dose image data. METHODS: Dual-source cCTA studies of 37 implanted stents were reconstructed at full- and half-radiation dose with FBP and SAFIRE. Half-dose data were based on projections from one DSCT detector. In-stent noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and stent-lumen attenuation increase ratio (SAIR) were measured and image quality graded. Stent volumes were measured to gauge severity of beam hardening artefacts. RESULTS: Full-dose SAFIRE reconstructions were superior to full-dose FBP vis-à-vis in-stent noise (21.2 ± 6.6 vs. 35.7 ± 17.5; P < 0.05), SNR (22.1 ± 8.6 vs. 14.3 ± 6.7; P < 0.05), SAIR (19.6 ± 17.6 vs. 33.4 ± 20.4%; P < 0.05), and image quality (4.2 ± 0.86 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0; P < 0.05). Stent volumes were lower measured with SAFIRE (119.9 ± 53.7 vs. 129.8 ± 65.0 mm(3); P > 0.05). Comparing half-dose SAFIRE with full-dose FBP, in-stent noise (26.7 ± 13.0 vs. 35.7 ± 17.5; P < 0.05) and SNR (18.2 ± 6.9 vs. 14.3 ± 6.7; P < 0.05) improved significantly. SAIR (31.6 ± 24.3 vs. 33.4 ± 20.4%; P > 0.05), stent volume (129.6 ± 57.3 vs. 129.8 ± 65.0 mm(3); P > 0.05), and image quality (3.5 ± 1.0 vs. 3.7 ± 1.1; P > 0.05) did not differ. Radiation dose decreased from 8.7 ± 5.2 to 4.3 ± 2.6 mSv. CONCLUSIONS: Iterative reconstruction significantly improves imaging of coronary artery stents by CT compared with FBP, even with half-radiation-dose data.

Dual-energy CT of the heart.

OBJECTIVE: Interest in dual-energy CT (DECT) for evaluating the myocardial blood supply, as an addition to coronary artery assessment, is increasing. Although it is still in the early clinical phase, assessment of myocardial ischemia and infarction by DECT constitutes a promising step toward comprehensive evaluation of coronary artery disease with a single noninvasive modality. CONCLUSION: Compared with dynamic CT approaches, DECT has advantages regarding radiation dose and clinical applicability. In this review, the literature on DECT of the heart is discussed.

Prediction model to estimate presence of coronary artery disease: retrospective pooled analysis of existing cohorts.

OBJECTIVES: To develop prediction models that better estimate the pretest probability of coronary artery disease in low prevalence populations. DESIGN: Retrospective pooled analysis of individual patient data. SETTING: 18 hospitals in Europe and the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with stable chest pain without evidence for previous coronary artery disease, if they were referred for computed tomography (CT) based coronary angiography or catheter based coronary angiography (indicated as low and high prevalence settings, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Obstructive coronary artery disease (≥ 50% diameter stenosis in at least one vessel found on catheter based coronary angiography). Multiple imputation accounted for missing predictors and outcomes, exploiting strong correlation between the two angiography procedures. Predictive models included a basic model (age, sex, symptoms, and setting), clinical model (basic model factors and diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and smoking), and extended model (clinical model factors and use of the CT based coronary calcium score). We assessed discrimination (c statistic), calibration, and continuous net reclassification improvement by cross validation for the four largest low prevalence datasets separately and the smaller remaining low prevalence datasets combined. RESULTS: We included 5677 patients (3283 men, 2394 women), of whom 1634 had obstructive coronary artery disease found on catheter based coronary angiography. All potential predictors were significantly associated with the presence of disease in univariable and multivariable analyses. The clinical model improved the prediction, compared with the basic model (cross validated c statistic improvement from 0.77 to 0.79, net reclassification improvement 35%); the coronary calcium score in the extended model was a major predictor (0.79 to 0.88, 102%). Calibration for low prevalence datasets was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: Updated prediction models including age, sex, symptoms, and cardiovascular risk factors allow for accurate estimation of the pretest probability of coronary artery disease in low prevalence populations. Addition of coronary calcium scores to the prediction models improves the estimates.

Adenosine-stress dynamic real-time myocardial perfusion CT and adenosine-stress first-pass dual-energy myocardial perfusion CT for the assessment of acute chest pain: initial results.

PURPOSE: Recent innovations in CT enable the evolution from mere morphologic imaging to dynamic and functional testing. We describe our initial experience performing myocardial stress perfusion CT in a clinical population with acute chest pain. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Myocardial stress perfusion CT was performed on twenty consecutive patients (15 men, 5 women; mean age 65 ± 8 years) who presented with acute chest pain and were clinically referred for stress/rest SPECT and cardiac MRI. Prior to CT each patient was randomly assigned either to Group A or to Group B in a consecutive order (10 patients per group). Group A underwent adenosine-stress dynamic real-time myocardial perfusion CT using a novel "shuttle" mode on a 2nd generation dual-source CT. Group B underwent adenosine-stress first-pass dual-energy myocardial perfusion CT using the same CT scanner in dual-energy mode. Two experienced observers visually analyzed all CT perfusion studies. CT findings were compared with MRI and SPECT. RESULTS: In Group A 149/170 myocardial segments (88%) could be evaluated. Real-time perfusion CT (versus SPECT) had 86% (84%) sensitivity, 98% (92%) specificity, 94% (88%) positive predictive value, and 96% (92%) negative predictive value in comparison with perfusion MRI for the detection of myocardial perfusion defects. In Group B all myocardial segments were available for analysis. Compared with MRI, dual-energy myocardial perfusion CT (versus SPECT) had 93% (94%) sensitivity, 99% (98%) specificity, 92% (88%) positive predictive value, and 96% (94%) negative predictive value for detecting hypoperfused myocardial segments. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the clinical feasibility of myocardial perfusion CT imaging in patients with acute chest pain. Compared to MRI and SPECT both, dynamic real-time perfusion CT and first-pass dual-energy perfusion CT showed good agreement for the detection of myocardial perfusion defects.

Cost-effectiveness of substituting dual-energy CT for SPECT in the assessment of myocardial perfusion for the workup of coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: We compared cost-effectiveness and potential lifetime benefits of using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for myocardial perfusion assessment instead of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for the workup of coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A decision and simulation model was developed to estimate cost and health effects of using DECT myocardial perfusion imaging instead of SPECT for identifying patients in need of invasive imaging and possible revascularization. The model was based on the performance indices of stress/rest DECT compared with stress/rest SPECT for detecting myocardial perfusion deficits in 50 patients (mean age 61±10 years) with CAD. Stress/rest perfusion and delayed enhancement cardiac MRI served as reference standard. For DECT a reimbursement of US$1700 was assumed but costs of cardiac MRI were not included in the model. All other actual healthcare costs in these patients were derived from MUSC's hospital billing system. RESULTS: Compared with cardiac MRI, DECT (versus SPECT) had 90% (85%) sensitivity and 71% (58%) specificity for identifying patients with obstructive CAD. Compared with the no imaging and no treatment strategy, routine SPECT gained 13.49 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$3557 (in 2010) per QALY. In comparison, DECT ICER was lower (US$3.191 per QALY, p=0.0002) and an additional 0.64 QALYs was obtained (total of 14.13 QALYs) if compared with the SPECT strategy as well as the no imaging and no treatment strategy. CONCLUSION: Using DECT as the first-line imaging test for myocardial perfusion for the workup of patients with CAD has the potential to provide gains in QALYs, while lowering costs if compared to routine myocardial perfusion SPECT.

Iterative image reconstruction techniques: Applications for cardiac CT.

BACKGROUND: Traditional limitations of cardiac CT are related to image noise, blooming artifacts from calcifications and stents, and radiation exposure. We evaluated whether these limitations can be ameliorated by the use of iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS) instead of traditional filtered back projection (FBP) image reconstruction techniques. METHODS: We compared image reconstruction with the use of IRIS with traditional FBP for their effect on image quality, noise, volume of heavy coronary artery calcifications, and stents as a measure of "blooming" artifacts, and radiation dose at cardiac CT. The radiation dose comparison was performed as a matched pair analysis, whereas all other comparisons were performed within the same group of patients. RESULTS: The subjective image quality of IRIS reconstructions was rated higher than FBP reconstructions. Image noise was lower with IRIS than with FBP. The volume of stents and heavy coronary artery calcifications measured lower in IRIS reconstructed series compared with FBP. Similar levels of image noise were achieved with 80/100 kVp of tube voltage with IRIS compared with 120 kVp and FBP, resulting in a 62% reduction in effective dose. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experiences suggest that IRIS incrementally improves the CT evaluation of coronary arteries, especially in challenging scenarios. Substantial radiation reduction seems feasible without associated increases in image noise.

A clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: validation, updating, and extension.

AIMS: The aim was to validate, update, and extend the Diamond-Forrester model for estimating the probability of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in a contemporary cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospectively collected data from 14 hospitals on patients with chest pain without a history of CAD and referred for conventional coronary angiography (CCA) were used. Primary outcome was obstructive CAD, defined as ≥ 50% stenosis in one or more vessels on CCA. The validity of the Diamond-Forrester model was assessed using calibration plots, calibration-in-the-large, and recalibration in logistic regression. The model was subsequently updated and extended by revising the predictive value of age, sex, and type of chest pain. Diagnostic performance was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (c-statistic) and reclassification was determined. We included 2260 patients, of whom 1319 had obstructive CAD on CCA. Validation demonstrated an overestimation of the CAD probability, especially in women. The updated and extended models demonstrated a c-statistic of 0.79 (95% CI 0.77-0.81) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.80-0.84), respectively. Sixteen per cent of men and 64% of women were correctly reclassified. The predicted probability of obstructive CAD ranged from 10% for 50-year-old females with non-specific chest pain to 91% for 80-year-old males with typical chest pain. Predictions varied across hospitals due to differences in disease prevalence. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the Diamond-Forrester model overestimates the probability of CAD especially in women. We updated the predictive effects of age, sex, type of chest pain, and hospital setting which improved model performance and we extended it to include patients of 70 years and older.

Adenosine-stress dynamic myocardial CT perfusion imaging: initial clinical experience.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of adenosine-stress dynamic myocardial volume perfusion imaging with second generation dual source computed tomography (CT) for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) compared with stress perfusion and viability magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients (8 male, 2 female, mean age 62.7 +/- 7.1 years) underwent stress/rest perfusion and delayed-enhancement MRI, and a cardiac CT protocol comprising prospectively electrocardiogram -triggered coronary CT angiography, dynamic adenosine-stress myocardial perfusion imaging using a "shuttle" mode, and delayed enhancement acquisitions. Two independent observers visually assessed myocardial perfusion defects. For semi-quantitative evaluation, CT- and MRI-derived myocardial-to-left ventricular upslope indices were compared. Additionally, absolute MBF was quantified based on dynamic perfusion CT and correlated with semi quantitative CT measurements. Myocardial perfusion analysis was performed on a segmental basis. Analysis used paired t tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, linear correlation, and Bland-Altman statistics. RESULTS: A total of 149 segments (93.1%) were suitable for analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for detection of myocardial perfusion defects at CT compared with MRI were 86.1%, 98.2%, 93.9%, and 95.7%, respectively. Semiquantitative analysis of CT data showed significant differences between ischemic and nonischemic myocardium with a signal intensity upslope that was comparable with MRI-derived values (CT: 5.2 +/- 2 SI/s, MRI: 4.8 +/- 2.3 SI/s, P > 0.05). Moderate correlation was observed between absolute CT quantification of MBF and semi-quantitative CT measurements. Mean total dose length product for the entire cardiac CT protocol was 1290.4 +/- 233.3 mGy cm. CONCLUSION: Adenosine-stress volumetric first pass CT perfusion imaging is feasible and may enable the evaluation of qualitative and semi quantitative parameters of myocardial perfusion in a comparable fashion as MRI.