Population-based germline breast cancer gene association studies and meta-analysis to inform wider mainstream testing.

BACKGROUND: Germline genetic testing, previously restricted to familial and young-onset breast cancer, is now offered increasingly broadly to 'population-type' breast cancer patients in mainstream oncology clinics, with wide variation in the genes included. METHODS: Weighted meta-analysis was performed for three population-based case-control studies (BRIDGES, CARRIERS and UK Biobank) comprising in total 101,397 women with breast cancer and 312,944 women without breast cancer, to quantify for 37 putative breast cancer susceptibility genes (BCSGs) the frequency of pathogenic variants (PVs) in unselected, 'population-type' breast cancer cases and their association with breast cancer and its subtypes. RESULTS: Meta-analysed odds ratios (ORs) and frequencies of PVs in population-type breast cancer cases were generated for BRCA1 (OR= 8.73 (95% CI 7.47-10.20), 1 in 101), BRCA2 (OR=5.68 (5.13-6.30), 1 in 68) and PALB2 (OR= 4.30 (95% CI 3.68-5.03), 1 in 187). For both CHEK2 (OR=2.40 (95% CI 2.21-2.62), 1 in 73) and ATM (OR=2.16 (95%CI 1.93-2.41), 1 in 132) subgroup analysis showed stronger association with ER-positive disease. Magnitude of association and frequency of PVs were low for RAD51C (OR=1.53 (95%CI 1.15-2.04), 1 in 913), RAD51D (OR=1.76, (95%CI 1.15-2.41, 1 in 1079) and BARD1 (OR=2.34 (1.85-2.97), 1 in 672); frequencies and associations were moderately higher restricting to triple-negative breast cancers The PV-frequency in 'population-type' breast cancer cases was very low for 'syndromic' BCSGs TP53 (1 in 1844), STK11 (1 in 11,525), CDH1 (1 in 2668), PTEN (1 in 3755) and NF1 (1 in 1470), with metrics of association also modest ranging from OR=3.62 (95%CI 1.98-6.61) for TP53 down to OR=1.60 (95%CI 0.48-5.30) for STK11. CONCLUSIONS: These metrics reflecting 'population-type' breast cancer will be informative to defining the appropriate gene set as we continue to expand to germline testing out to more unselected population-type breast cancer cases.

Value of surgical pilot and feasibility study protocols.

BACKGROUND: RCTs in surgery are challenging owing to well established methodological issues. Well designed pilot and feasibility studies (PFS) may help overcome such issues to inform successful main trial design and conduct. This study aimed to analyse protocols of UK-funded studies to explore current use of PFS in surgery and identify areas for practice improvement. METHODS: PFS of surgical interventions funded by UK National Institute for Health Research programmes from 2005 to 2015 were identified, and original study protocols and associated publications sourced. Data extracted included study design characteristics, reasons for performing the work including perceived uncertainties around conducting a definitive main trial, and whether the studies had been published. RESULTS: Thirty-five surgical studies were identified, of which 29 were randomized, and over half (15 of 29) included additional methodological components (such as qualitative work examining recruitment, and participant surveys studying current interventions). Most studies focused on uncertainties around recruitment (32 of 35), with far fewer tackling uncertainties specific to surgery, such as intervention stability, implementation or delivery (10 of 35). Only half (19 of 35) had made their results available publicly, to date. CONCLUSION: The full potential of pretrial work to inform and optimize definitive surgical studies is not being realized.

Recurrent urolithiasis following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of parathyroidectomy on the incidence of recurrent stone formation is uncertain. We aimed to compare the biochemistry and recurrence rate of urolithiasis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) and stone formation (SF) and non-stone formation (NSF) with idiopathic stone formers (ISF). METHODS: Patients with pHPT and SF (Group 1) were identified from a prospective database. pHPT patients and NSF (Group 2) and ISFs (Group 3) were randomly selected from respective databases to form three equal groups. Preoperative and postoperative biochemical data were analysed and recurrent urolithiasis diagnosed if present on follow-up radiology. Out-of-area patients were asked about recurrence via telephone. RESULTS: From July 2002 to October 2011, 640 patients had parathyroidectomy for pHPT. Of these, 66 (10.3%) had a history of renal colic; one was lost to follow-up. Patient demographics were similar across all three groups. Three months post-parathyroidectomy, Groups 1 and 2 had significantly reduced serum calcium concentrations (p<0.01). Group 1 had lower urinary calcium excretion after parathyroidectomy (p<0.01), but estimated glomerular filtration rate did not change following surgery. During median follow-up of 4.33 years (0.25-9 years) in Groups 1 and 2 and 5.08 years (0.810-8 years) in Group 3, one patient (1.5%) in Group 1 and 16 patients (25%) in Group 3 had recurrent urolithiasis (p<0.01). No Group 2 patients developed stones. CONCLUSION: Curative parathyroidectomy confers a low recurrence rate for urolithiasis, but does not prevent recurrence in all patients. Further research should aim to identify the risk factors for continued SF in these patients.

Nanostructures fabricated in chalcogenide glass for use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates.

We describe chalcogenide glass (ChG)-based nanostructures for use as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Such substrates were fabricated by exploiting the photosensitivity of ChG. This allows convenient control of the shape, size, and spacing of the nanostructures. The substrates were used to investigate the sample-concentration and excitation-power dependences of SERS from Rhodamine 6G molecules. A sensitivity of 1 muM was achieved at low excitation irradiance, and a semilinear concentration dependence was found for concentrations below 100 muM, demonstrating the potential of these ChG-based SERS substrates for high-sensitivity quantitative analysis.

Brachytherapy for advanced prostate cancer bleeding.

Advanced prostate cancer patients frequently deal with intractable prostatic bleeding which is a difficult problem to manage. Intraurethral high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy may palliate this condition. Advanced prostate cancer patients with intractable prostatic bleeding were offered brachytherapy with Iridium-192 using a Micro-selectron HDR machine. During a 5-year period, analysis was performed in 23 patients with a median age and Gleason score of 78 years and 9, respectively. Following brachytherapy, haematuria resolved in 19 of the 23 patients and was recurrence free at 6 months. Intraurethral HDR brachytherapy is a potentially effective modality for treating haematuria in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Effect of propofol anaesthesia on the event-related potential mismatch negativity and the auditory-evoked potential N1.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the effects of anaesthesia on event-related potentials and long latency auditory-evoked potentials (AEP) are sparse. Both provide information on cortical processing and may have potential as monitors of awareness. We studied the effect of propofol on the event-related potential mismatch negativity (MMN) and the long-latency AEP NI. METHODS: Twenty-one patients received 1 microgram ml-1 stepped increases in the target concentration of propofol using Diprifusor until a maximum of 6 micrograms ml-1 was achieved or the patient had lost consciousness. Neurophysiological responses (MMN and N1) and the patients' level of consciousness were recorded before the administration of propofol and at a target effector site concentration of propofol of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 micrograms ml-1. Grand average evoked potentials were computed at baseline, before the administration of propofol (A); at the highest propofol concentration at which each patient was responsive (B); and at the concentration of propofol at which the patient became unconscious (C). RESULTS: Patients lost consciousness at different target concentrations of propofol, all being unresponsive by 4 micrograms ml-1. The response to the deviant stimuli used to elicit duration-shift MMN was significantly more negative than to the standard stimuli at A (mean difference 2.58 microV, P = 0.0011) but this difference was virtually abolished at point B, before the patients lost consciousness (mean difference 0.63 microV, P = ns). The amplitude of N1 evoked by standard stimuli was negative compared with electrical baseline at both point A (mean amplitude -3.81 microV, P < 0.001) and at point B (mean amplitude -2.2 microV, P = 0.002), but was no longer significantly different to baseline at point C (mean amplitude 0.51 microV, P = ns). The change in the mean amplitude of N1 from last awake (point B) to first unconscious (point C) was also significant (mean difference in amplitude 1.69 microV, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: MMN is unlikely to be a clinically useful tool to detect awareness in surgical patients. In contrast, the loss of N1 may identify the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness and deserves further study.

Aqueous copper sulfide clusters as intermediates during copper sulfide formation.

Using a combination of experimental techniques, we show that Cu(II) reduction by sulfide to Cu(I) occurs in solution prior to precipitation. EPR and 63Cu NMR data show that reduction to Cu(l) occurs during the reaction of equimolar amounts of Cu(II) with sulfide. 63Cu solution NMR data show that Cu(I) is soluble when bound to sulfide and is in a site of high symmetry. EPR data confirm that Cu(I) forms in solution and that the mineral covellite, CuS, contains only Cu(I). Mass spectrometry data from covellite as well as laboratory prepared solid and solution CuS materials indicate that Cu3S3 six-membered rings form in solution. These trinuclear Cu rings are the basic building blocks for aqueous CuS molecular clusters, which lead to CuS precipitation. In controlled titration experiments where sulfide is slowly added to Cu(II), Cu3S3 rings and tetranuclear Cu molecular clusters (Cu4S5, and Cu4S6) form; the rings are composed primarily of Cu(II). During cluster formation from Cu3S3 condensation, some Cu(II) is released back into solution, indicating that Cu(II) reduction does not occur until after Cu-S bond and higher order cluster formation. Analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals for Cu(II) and sulfide indicate that an outer-sphere electron transfer is symmetry forbidden. These results are consistent with the formation of CuS bonds prior to electron transfer, which occurs via an inner-sphere process.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in a pyogenic granuloma.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is rare outside the setting of significant primary hematologic disease. We describe this phenomenon in an exuberant pyogenic granuloma in an otherwise healthy man. We postulate that this vascular lesion provided a suitable milieu for homing and proliferation of stem cells.

Histopathology of psoriasis treated with zinc pyrithione.

Psoriasis is still a relatively poorly understood inflammatory dermatosis that is resistant to many therapies. Because the pathogenesis is poorly understood, rational treatment is elusive. Until recently, the North American public was able to achieve successful resolution with an over-the-counter topical preparation marketed for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis called SkinCap, which has now been withdrawn from the market. The purpose of this study was to examine the histologic changes induced by this preparation in a well-developed psoriatic plaque. Serial punch biopsies were taken over a 2-week period during which time SkinCap was applied topically twice daily. The biopsies were examined histologically, and features were evaluated semiquantitatively. The classic histologic features of psoriasis resolved completely over 2 weeks, with the reversal beginning with disappearance of neutrophils and the most striking finding being prominent apoptosis at 48 hours. The mechanism of this normalization is unknown. Hypotheses include blockage of cytokine and growth factor effect at some level and induction of apoptosis.

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy, exercise, and oxidative stress: an ascorbic acid intervention study.

Oxygen free radicals are highly reactive species that are produced in increased quantities during strenuous exercise and can damage critical biological targets such as membrane phospholipids. The present study examined the effect of acute ascorbic acid supplementation on exercise-induced free radical production in healthy subjects. Results demonstrate increases in the intensity of the alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone adduct (0.05 +/- 0.02 preexercise vs. 0.19 +/- 0.03 postexercise, P = 0.002, arbitrary units) together with increased lipid hydroperoxides (1.14 +/- 0.06 micromol/l preexercise vs. 1.62 +/- 0.19 micromol/l postexercise, P = 0.005) and malondialdehyde (0.70 +/- 0.04 micromol/l preexercise vs. 0.80 +/- 0.04 micromol/l postexercise, P = 0.0152) in the control phase. After supplementation with ascorbic acid, there was no significant increase in the electron spin resonance signal intensity (0.02 +/- 0. 01 preexercise vs. 0.04 +/- 0.02 postexercise, arbitrary units), lipid hydroperoxides (1.12 +/- 0.21 micromol/l preexercise vs. 1.12 +/- 0.08 micromol/l postexercise), or malondialdehyde (0.63 +/- 0.07 micromol/l preexercise vs. 0.68 +/- 0.05 micromol/l postexercise). The results indicate that acute ascorbic acid supplementation prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress in these subjects.

An EPR investigation of surfactant action on bacterial membranes.

The effects of the surfactants, alcohol ethoxylate, amine ethoxylate, amine oxide and SDS on cell membranes were investigated using the lipid soluble spin label 5-doxyl stearic acid (5-DS). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed that the action of the surfactants was to significantly increase membrane fluidity of Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The action of these surfactants as biocides was investigated and found to be dependent on the type of organism tested. There was, however, no direct correlation between enhanced membrane fluidity observed due to the action of the surfactants and biocidal activity. Data presented suggest that perturbing the fluidity of the cytoplasmic membrane is not immediately responsible for cell death.

Cytology of ascitic fluid in a patient with granulocytic sarcoma (extramedullary myeloid tumor). A case report.

BACKGROUND: Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is the rare extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia that may precede or be concurrent with leukemic infiltration of bone marrow or herald blastic transformation of a chronic myeloproliferative disorder. It has been found in most body sites and shows no age or sex predilection, necessitating its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of undifferentiated neoplasms. CASE: A 36-year-old female presented with a three-year history of abdominal pain, jaundice and fluctuating abdominal girth. Cytology of the ascitic fluid revealed myeloid cells of eosinophilic lineage at all stages of differentiation, with many undifferentiated cells. Immunohistochemical studies on a cell block confirmed the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma, which excluded the differential diagnoses of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Langerhans histiocytosis. CONCLUSION: Granulocytic sarcoma may present as a serous effusion and can be diagnosed on a cytologic specimen.

Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in human serum following exhaustive exercise.

Free radicals or oxidants are continuously produced in the body as a consequence of normal energy metabolism. The concentration of free radicals, together with lipid peroxidation, increases in some tissues as a physiological response to exercise - they have also been implicated in a variety of pathologies. The biochemical measurement of free radicals has relied in the main on the indirect assay of oxidative stress by-products. This study presents the first use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in conjunction with the spin-trapping technique, to measure directly the production of radical species in the venous blood of healthy human volunteers pre- and post-exhaustive aerobic exercise. Evidence is also presented of increased lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity post-exercise.

Cytomegaly of pancreatic D cells in triploidy.

Triploidy is a common chromosomal aberration seen in 1% of clinically recognized human pregnancies. Development beyond 10 weeks is unusual. Occasionally fetuses survive past 20 weeks; however, they usually present as a stillbirth with only a few managing some hours of independent life. The clinical features of these infants cover a wide spectrum, but a consistent feature is organ hypoplasia and hypotonia. We observed marked enlargement of somatostatin-producing cells (D cells) in the pancreata of triploid fetuses. Somatostatin-producing cells are widely distributed in normal mammals although concentrated in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, generally being antiproliferative and having an inhibitory effect on various functions. The control of fetal growth is not well understood. There is, however, some evidence that somatostatin does play a significant part and our consistent observation of cytomegaly of the pancreatic D cells in growth-retarded triploid fetuses provides more support for this contention.

Multiple sclerosis with medullary plaques and fatal sleep apnea (Ondine's curse).

We report 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were symptomatic but ambulatory, and died in their sleep. Sleep studies in 1 patient showed hypercarbia and hypoxia accompanying sleep. In both cases autopsy showed plaques of multiple sclerosis in the medulla oblongata, incompletely involving the neuroanatomic areas of the medullary reticular formation controlling automatic breathing. A systematic analysis of the location of the plaques in relation to areas known to be important in breathing control revealed that the regions corresponding to the ventral nuclear complex of respiratory control in animals were incompletely and unilaterally involved in both cases. Close correlation with nuclei that have been demonstrated in animal experiments to be important in descending respiratory control of phrenic and intercostal musculature was not possible due to possible differences in anatomy between animals and humans, and the fact that plaques of MS affect axons of passage and spare neuronal cell bodies. Nevertheless, the cases clearly illustrate that patchy, unilateral lesions of the medullary reticular formation in humans can give rise to sleep disordered breathing. The cases also illustrate the risk of death during sleep in MS patients with demyelination in the medulla oblongata, and demonstrate the need to carefully examine the medulla in MS patients if they die unexpectedly during sleep.

Event-related potentials--neurophysiological tools for predicting emergence and early outcome from traumatic coma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of multimodal evoked potentials (EPs) and event-related (ERPs) potentials in coma (Glasgow Coma Score <8), after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study of neurophysiological responses recorded during traumatic coma. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four comatose TBI patients (age range 1-80 years, mean 36.4). METHODS: Neurophysiological responses were recorded from 11 scalp electrodes with earlobe reference. Conduction times were measured for brainstem auditory, flash visual and somatosensory, short-latency EPs. Peak latencies and amplitudes were determined for long-latency components of visual and auditory ERPs, generated by passive "oddball" paradigms. These neurophysiological and various clinical parameters were correlated with patient outcome using Pearson's coefficient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Three month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Highly significant (P <0.001) correlations exist between long-latency ERP components and 3-month outcome. Short-latency EPs, brainstem (wave I-V) and somatosensory conduction times also correlate significantly with the GOS (P <0.01). Of the clinical measurements, pupillary response patterns, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma Scores (GCS) correlate significantly with outcome, as do the retrospective measures of duration of coma and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) in survivors. Unfortunately, due to variance of long-latency responses, even in controls, absolute values cannot be relied upon as prognosticators. The presence of "mismatch negativity" predicted the return of consciousness (89.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity) and preceded changes in GCS. Its latency was the single best indicator of 90-day outcome from coma (r = -0.641).

Lipopolysaccharide decreases oxygen consumption by Mono Mac 6 cells; an electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry study.

The rate of oxygen consumption in the human acute monocytic leukemia-derived cell line, Mono Mac 6, in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using an oxygen-sensitive spin-label, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-d16-1-oxyl (15N-PDT). Lipopolysaccharide impaired oxygen consumption in a dose-dependent manner which was shown to be mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and could be augmented by pretreatment of the cells with interferon-gamma. Treatment of the cells with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody failed to inhibit the LPS-induced effects on cellular respiration. These results suggest that LPS can directly reduce normal cellular oxygen consumption possibly via a CD14-independent pathway. This alteration of mitochondrial function by LPS may be responsible for the observed cell damage during sepsis.

Uterine atypical polypoid adenomyoma and ovarian endometrioid carcinoma: metastatic disease or dual primaries?

Atypical polypoid adenomyoma (APA) is an uncommon uterine tumor that rarely metastasizes, although it closely resembles a well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma. A 37-year-old woman with a history of pelvic endometriosis and oral contraceptive use developed an APA and later presented with bilateral ovarian endometrioid carcinomas. DNA ploidy analysis and human papilloma virus (HPV) typing of the APA and ovarian carcinomas were performed to characterize the primary or metastatic nature of the tumors. Both tumors were aneuploid. The APA had a DNA index of 1.53, compared with 1.19 for the ovarian carcinoma. The APA contained HPV 18, and the ovarian carcinoma a mixed infection of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18, with types 6 and 11 predominating. These differences in DNA index and HPV type supported the autonomous nature of the APA and the ovarian carcinomas. The report affirms the benign outcome of APA, highlights its complication by a second malignancy, and suggests an etiological role for endometriosis, steroid hormones, and possibly the HPV in the formation of one or both tumors.

Diffuse-variant tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a rare and aggressive lesion.

The diffuse-variant tenosynovial giant cell tumor is rare. Although it shares histologic features with the exclusively intra-articular pigmented villonodular synovitis and local tenosynovial giant cell tumor, its behavior differs dramatically, being locally very aggressive. We report a case of a diffuse-variant aggressive tenosynovial giant cell tumor that, although diploid by flow cytometry, demonstrated trisomy 7 and 5 as well as clonal rearrangements involving chromosomes 1, 3, and 15. These cytogenetic abnormalities may be markers for aggressive behavior and useful for directing treatment.