Prevalence of ligamentous knee injuries in pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of ligamentous knee injuries and to compare patient demographics, associated injuries and hospital stay to pedestrians who did not sustain a ligamentous knee injury. METHODS: A retrospective review of all adult patients presenting as pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle to a level 1 trauma center over a three-year period was performed. Demographics, length of stay, orthopedic and non-orthopedic traumatic injuries were recorded. Magnetic resonance imaging was reviewed for ligamentous, bony and chondral injuries. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Sixty-seven (12.4%) patients sustained a total of 84 ligamentous knee injuries. OF these knee injuries that had MRI (55/84), the majority (96%) were multi-ligamentous in nature. Patients with ligamentous knee injury were more likely to also be affected by traumatic brain injury, solid organ injury, cervical and lumbar spine injury, pelvic ring injuries, distal femur fractures, patella fractures, knee dislocations, tibial plateau fractures, tibial pilon fractures, and deep vein thrombosis when compared to patients who did not sustain ligamentous knee injury. Patients who sustained ligamentous knee injury were more likely to require hospital and intensive care admission and had a longer overall hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of ligamentous knee injuries in this patient population, these patients should be thoroughly evaluated for a ligamentous knee injury. If ligamentous knee injury is suspected, MRI should be considered as a majority of these injuries involved multiple structures. Patients with ligamentous knee injuries often had multi-system injuries with resulting longer hospital stay when compared to those without ligamentous knee injuries.

Prospective Evaluation of Range of Motion in Acute ACL Reconstruction Using Patellar Tendon Autograft.

BACKGROUND: Optimal timing of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been a topic of controversy. Reconstruction has historically been delayed for at least 3 weeks, given previous studies reporting a high risk of postoperative arthrofibrosis and suboptimal clinical results. PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate postoperative range of motion following acutely reconstructed ACLs with patellar tendon autograft. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Patients (age >18 years) who had ACL reconstruction as soon as possible after injury, regardless of the condition or preoperative range of motion of the injured knee, underwent reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. An identical standard surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation were employed for all patients. Postoperative assessment included active range of motion measurements with a goniometer. Subjective outcomes were assessed with the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). RESULTS: A total of 25 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The mean age was 27.9 years (range, 20-48 years), and 19 were men. The time from injury to surgery was a mean 4.5 days (range, 1-9 days). The mean objective follow-up was 10.9 months (range, 3 days-19.4 months), and range of motion was regained at a mean 4.4 months (range, 1-9 months). Three meniscal repairs and 3 microfractures were performed concomitantly. There was 1 graft failure at 3 years postoperatively, noted at 50 months of subjective follow-up. There was no loss of extension >3° as compared with the contralateral knee in any patient. There was no loss of flexion >5° as compared with the contralateral knee in any patient who completed objective follow-up. The mean KOOS at final subjective follow-up was 82.8 (range, 57.7-98.8) at a mean 56.6 months postoperative (n = 14/24; range, 48-58 months). CONCLUSION: Excellent clinical results can be achieved following ACL reconstruction performed ≤9 days after injury with patellar tendon autograft. The authors found that early ACL reconstructions do not result in loss of motion or suboptimal clinical results as long as a rehabilitation protocol emphasizing extension and early range of motion is employed.

Arthroscopic Management of Intra-articular Tophaceous Gout of the Knee: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical management of intra-articular tophaceous gout has been previously described but not widely reported in the literature. Therefore, when faced with clinical decision-making regarding this entity, the surgeon may be unfamiliar with the diagnosis, appropriate management, and outcomes related to treatment. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male oil field worker who presented with the right knee intra-articular tophaceous gout deposits resulting in mechanical symptoms. The pathology was diagnosed intraoperatively while performing knee arthroscopy for what was presumed to be a meniscal tear. The patient underwent arthroscopic debridement of the tophi and partial meniscectomy. The tophaceous gout deposits were debrided with an arthroscopic liberator which allowed for the protection of the underlying articular cartilage. Postoperatively, he was begun with aggressive range of motion exercises and was referred to a rheumatologist for gout medical management. The patient improved significantly in regard to pain and range of motion and was able to return to full duty by 6weeks postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Tophaceous gout of the knee can mimic intra-articular pathology and may be encountered unexpectedly when performing a knee arthroscopy. The treating surgeon should be aware of the potential for this condition and understand that surgical intervention, when combined with appropriate medical management, can yield favorable clinical results.

Glenoid Bone Loss in Posterior Shoulder Instability: Prevalence and Outcomes in Arthroscopic Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Glenoid bone loss is a well-accepted risk factor for failure after arthroscopic stabilization of anterior glenohumeral instability. Glenoid bone loss in posterior instability has been noted relative to its existence in posterior instability surgery. Its effect on outcomes after arthroscopic stabilization has not been specifically evaluated and reported. PURPOSE: The purpose was to evaluate the presence of posterior glenoid bone loss in a series of patients who had undergone arthroscopic isolated stabilization of the posterior labrum. Bone loss was then correlated to return-to-duty rates, complications, and validated patient-reported outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at a single military treatment facility over a 4-year period (2010-2013). Patients with primary posterior instability who underwent arthroscopic isolated posterior labral repair were included. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate posterior glenoid bone loss using a standardized "perfect circle" technique. Demographics, return to duty, complications, and reoperations, as well as outcomes scores including the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) scores, were obtained. Outcomes were analyzed across all patients based on percentage of posterior glenoid bone loss. Bone loss was then categorized as below or above the subcritical threshold of 13.5% to determine if bone loss effected outcomes similar to what has been shown in anterior instability. RESULTS: There were 43 consecutive patients with primary, isolated posterior instability, and 32 (74.4%) completed WOSI scoring. Mean follow-up was 53.7 months (range, 25-82 months) The mean posterior glenoid bone loss was 7.3% (0%-21.5%). Ten of 32 patients (31%) had no appreciable bone loss. Bone loss exceeded 13.5% in 7 of 32 patients (22%), and 2 patients (6%) exceeded 20% bone loss. Return to full duty or activity was nearly 90% overall. However, those with >13.5%, subcritical glenoid bone loss, were statistically less likely to return to full duty (relative risk = 1.8), but outcomes scores, complications, and revision rates were otherwise not different in those with no or minimal bone loss versus those with more significant amounts. CONCLUSION: Posterior glenoid bone loss has not previously been evaluated independently relative to patients with shoulder instability repairs. Sixty-nine percent of our patients had measurable bone loss, and 22% had greater than 13.5%, or above subcritical bone loss. While these patients were statistically less likely to return to full duty, the reoperation rate, complications, and patient-reported outcomes between groups were not different.

Clinical Validation of the Glenoid Track Concept in Anterior Glenohumeral Instability.

BACKGROUND: Glenoid and humeral bone loss are well-described risk factors for failure of arthroscopic shoulder stabilization. Recently, consideration of the interactions of these types of bone loss (bipolar bone loss) has been used to determine if a lesion is "on-track" or "off-track." The purpose of this study was to study the relationship of the glenoid track to the outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart reconstructions. METHODS: Over a 2-year period, 57 shoulders that were treated with an isolated, primary arthroscopic Bankart reconstruction performed at a single facility were included in this study. The mean patient age was 25.5 years (range, 20 to 42 years) at the time of the surgical procedure, and the mean follow-up was 48.3 months (range, 23 to 58 months). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine glenoid bone loss and Hill-Sachs lesion size and location and to measure the glenoid track to classify the shoulders as on-track or off-track. Outcomes were assessed according to shoulder stability on examination and subjective outcome. RESULTS: There were 10 recurrences (18%). Of the 49 on-track patients, 4 (8%) had treatment that failed compared with 6 (75%) of 8 off-track patients (p = 0.0001). Six (60%) of 10 patients with recurrence of instability were off-track compared with 2 (4%) of 47 patients in the stable group (p = 0.0001). The positive predictive value of an off-track measurement was 75% compared with 44% for the predictive value of glenoid bone loss of >20%. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the glenoid track concept to our cohort was superior to using glenoid bone loss alone with regard to predicting postoperative stability. This method of assessment is encouraged as a routine part of the preoperative evaluation of all patients under consideration for arthroscopic anterior stabilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Successful Nonoperative Management of HAGL (Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral Ligament) Lesion With Concurrent Axillary Nerve Injury in an Active-Duty US Navy SEAL.

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is a lesion that has been recognized as a cause of recurrent shoulder instability. To our knowledge there are no reports of successful return to full function in young, competitive athletes or return to manual labor following nonoperative management of a HAGL lesion. A 26-year-old Navy SEAL was diagnosed with a HAGL injury, and associated traction injury of the axillary nerve as well as a partial tear of the rotator cuff. Operative intervention was recommended; however, due to issues with training and with inability to properly rehab with the axillary nerve injury, surgical plans were delayed. Interestingly, the patient demonstrated both clinical and radiographic magnetic resonance imaging healing of his lesion over an 18-month period. At 18 months the patient had returned to full active duty without pain or instability as a Navy SEAL.

Autograft Versus Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Study With a Minimum 10-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The use of allografts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in young athletes is controversial. No long-term results have been published comparing tibialis posterior allografts to hamstring autografts. PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results of primary ACL reconstruction using either an allograft or autograft. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: From June 2002 to August 2003, patients with a symptomatic ACL-deficient knee were randomized to receive either a hamstring autograft or tibialis posterior allograft. All allografts were from a single tissue bank, aseptically processed, and fresh-frozen without terminal irradiation. Graft fixation was identical in all knees. All patients followed the same postoperative rehabilitation protocol, which was blinded to the therapists. Preoperative and postoperative assessments were performed via examination and/or telephone and Internet-based questionnaire to ascertain the functional and subjective status using established knee metrics. The primary outcome measures were graft integrity, subjective knee stability, and functional status. RESULTS: There were 99 patients (100 knees); 86 were men, and 95% were active-duty military. Both groups were similar in demographics and preoperative activity level. The mean and median ages of both groups were identical at 29 and 26 years, respectively. Concomitant meniscal and chondral pathologic abnormalities, microfracture, and meniscal repair performed at the time of reconstruction were similar in both groups. At a minimum of 10 years (range, 120-132 months) from surgery, 96 patients (97 knees) were contacted (2 patients were deceased, and 1 was unable to be located). There were 4 (8.3%) autograft and 13 (26.5%) allograft failures that required revision reconstruction. In the remaining patients whose graft was intact, there was no difference in the mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Tegner, or International Knee Documentation Committee scores. CONCLUSION: At a minimum of 10 years after ACL reconstruction in a young athletic population, over 80% of all grafts were intact and had maintained stability. However, those patients who had an allograft failed at a rate over 3 times higher than those with an autograft.

Redefining "Critical" Bone Loss in Shoulder Instability: Functional Outcomes Worsen With "Subcritical" Bone Loss.

BACKGROUND: Glenoid bone loss is a common finding in association with anterior shoulder instability. This loss has been identified as a predictor of failure after operative stabilization procedures. Historically, 20% to 25% has been accepted as the "critical" cutoff where glenoid bone loss should be addressed in a primary procedure. Few data are available, however, on lesser, "subcritical" amounts of bone loss (below the 20%-25% range) on functional outcomes and failure rates after primary arthroscopic stabilization for shoulder instability. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of glenoid bone loss, especially in subcritical bone loss (below the 20%-25% range), on outcomes assessments and redislocation rates after an isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Subjects were 72 consecutive anterior instability patients (73 shoulders) who underwent isolated anterior arthroscopic labral repair at a single military institution by 1 of 3 sports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons. Data were collected on demographics, the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, and failure rates. Failure was defined as recurrent dislocation. Glenoid bone loss was calculated via a standardized technique on preoperative imaging. The average bone loss across the group was calculated, and patients were divided into quartiles based on the percentage of glenoid bone loss. Outcomes were analyzed for the entire cohort, between the quartiles, and within each quartile. Outcomes were then further stratified between those sustaining a recurrence versus those who remained stable. RESULTS: The mean age at surgery was 26.3 years (range, 20-42 years), and the mean follow-up was 48.3 months (range, 23-58 months). The cohort was divided into quartiles based on bone loss. Quartile 1 (n = 18) had a mean bone loss of 2.8% (range, 0%-7.1%), quartile 2 (n = 19) had 10.4% (range, 7.3%-13.5%), quartile 3 (n = 18) had 16.1% (range, 13.5%-19.8%), and quartile 4 (n = 18) had 24.5% (range, 20.0%-35.5%). The overall mean WOSI score was 756.8 (range, 0-2097). The mean WOSI score correlated with SANE scores and worsened as bone loss increased in each quartile. There were significant differences (P < .05) between quartile 1 (mean WOSI/SANE, 383.3/62.1) and quartile 2 (mean, 594.0/65.2), between quartile 2 and quartile 3 (mean, 839.5/52.0), and between quartile 3 and quartile 4 (mean, 1187.6/46.1). Additionally, between quartiles 2 and 3 (bone loss, 13.5%), the WOSI score increased to rates consistent with a poor clinical outcome. There was an overall failure rate of 12.3%. The percentage of glenoid bone loss was significantly higher among those repairs that failed versus those that remained stable (24.7% vs 12.8%, P < .01). There was no significant difference in failure rate between quartiles 1, 2, and 3, but there was a significant increase in failure (P < .05) between quartiles 1, 2, and 3 (7.3%) when compared with quartile 4 (27.8%). Notably, even when only those patients who did not sustain a recurrent dislocation were compared, bone loss was predictive of outcome as assessed by the WOSI score, with each quartile's increasing bone loss predictive of a worse functional outcome. CONCLUSION: While critical bone loss has yet to be defined for arthroscopic Bankart reconstruction, our data indicate that "critical" bone loss should be lower than the 20% to 25% threshold often cited. In our population with a high level of mandatory activity, bone loss above 13.5% led to a clinically significant decrease in WOSI scores consistent with an unacceptable outcome, even in patients who did not sustain a recurrence of their instability.

High frequency of posterior and combined shoulder instability in young active patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology and demographics of surgically treated shoulder instability stratified by direction. We hypothesized that there would be an increased frequency of posterior and combined shoulder instability in our population compared with published literature. Secondarily, we assessed preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports to determine how accurately they detected the pathology addressed at surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted at a single facility during a 46-month period. The study included all patients who underwent an operative intervention for shoulder instability. The instability in each case was characterized as isolated anterior, isolated posterior, or combined, according to pathologic findings confirmed at arthroscopy. The findings were retrospectively compared with official MRI reports to determine the accuracy of MRI in characterizing the clinically and operatively confirmed diagnosis. RESULTS: A consecutive series of 231 patients (221 men, 10 women) underwent stabilization for shoulder instability over 46 months. Patients were a mean age of 26.0 years. There were 132 patients (57.1%) with isolated anterior instability, 56 (24.2%) with isolated posterior instability, and 43 (18.6%) with combined instability. Overall, MRI findings completely characterized the clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic pathology in 149 of 219 patients (68.0%). CONCLUSION: The rate of posterior and combined instability in an active population is more common than has been previously reported, making up more than 40% of operatively treated instability, including a previously unreported incidence of 19% for combined instabilities. In addition, MRI was often incomplete or inaccurate in detecting the pathology eventually treated at surgery.

Glenoid bare area: arthroscopic characterization and its implications on measurement of bone loss.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize arthroscopically the frequency and location of the glenoid bare area. METHODS: Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports surgeons evaluated and characterized the bare area of the glenoid in 52 consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder without a diagnosis of instability. Among the patients with a visible bare area, the position was measured, and when eccentrically located, an apparent bone loss or gain was calculated. RESULTS: The bare area of the glenoid was observed in only 48% of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery, and when observed, it was at the center only 37% of the time. Of the glenoids with visible bare areas, 8% were located anteriorly enough to result in an apparent bone loss calculation of greater than 20%. An additional 25% of visible bare areas were posteriorly located, resulting in an apparent bone gain. CONCLUSIONS: The glenoid bare area is a variably visible and eccentric landmark on the glenoid and thus should not be used as the sole reference point to measure glenoid bone loss.

Return to an athletic lifestyle after osteochondral allograft transplantation of the knee.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OATS) is a treatment option that provides the ability to restore large areas of hyaline cartilage anatomy and structure without donor site morbidity and promising results have been reported in returning patients to some previous activities. However, no study has reported on the durability of return to activity in a setting where it is an occupational requirement. HYPOTHESIS: Osteochondral allograft transplantation is less successful in returning patients to activity in a population in which physical fitness is a job requirement as opposed to a recreational goal. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 38 consecutive OATS procedures performed at a single military institution by 1 of 4 sports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons. All patients were on active duty at the time of the index procedure, and data were collected on demographics, return to duty, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and ultimate effect on military duty. Success was defined as the ability to return to the preinjury military occupational specialty (MOS) with no duty-limiting restrictions. RESULTS: The mean lesion size treated was 487.0 ± 178.7 mm(2). The overall rate of return to full duty was 28.9% (11/38). An additional 28.9% (11/38) were able to return to limited activity with permanent duty modifications. An alarming 42.1% (16/38) were unable to return to military activity because of their operative knee. When analyzed for return to sport, only 5.3% (2/38) of patients were able to return to their preinjury level. Eleven patients underwent concomitant procedures. Statistical power was maintained by analyzing data in aggregate for cases with versus without concomitant procedures. When the 11 undergoing concomitant procedures were removed from the data set, the rate of return to full activity was 33.3% (9/27), with 22.3% (6/27) returning to limited activity and 44.4% (12/27) unable to return to activity. In this subset, 7.4% (2/27) were able to return to a preinjury level of sport. The KOOS values were significantly higher in the full activity group when compared with the limited and no activity groups (P < .01). Branch of service was a significant predictor of outcome, with Marine Corps and Navy service members more likely to return to full activity compared with Army and Air Force members. A MOS of combat arms was a significant predictor of a poor outcome. All patients demonstrated postoperative healing of their grafts as documented in their medical chart, and no patient in the series required revision for problems with graft incorporation. CONCLUSION: Osteochondral allograft transplantation for the treatment of large chondral defects in the knee met with disappointing results in an active-duty population and was even less reliable in returning this population to preinjury sport levels. Branch of service and occupational type predicted the return to duty, but other traditional predictors of outcome such as rank and years of service did not. The presence of concomitant procedures did not have an effect on outcome with respect to activity or sport level with the numbers available for analysis.

Clavicular bone tunnel malposition leads to early failures in coracoclavicular ligament reconstructions.

BACKGROUND: Modern techniques for the treatment of acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations have largely centered on free tendon graft reconstructions. Recent biomechanical studies have demonstrated that an anatomic reconstruction with 2 clavicular bone tunnels more closely matches the properties of native coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments than more traditional techniques. No study has analyzed tunnel position in regard to risk of early failure. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of clavicular tunnel position in CC ligament reconstruction as a risk of early failure. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of a consecutive series of CC ligament reconstructions performed with 2 clavicular bone tunnels and a free tendon graft. The population was largely a young, active-duty military group of patients. Radiographs were analyzed for the maintenance of reduction and location of clavicular bone tunnels using a picture archiving and communication system. The distance from the lateral border of the clavicle to the center of each bone tunnel was divided by the total clavicular length to establish a ratio. Medical records were reviewed for operative details and functional outcome. Failure was defined as loss of intraoperative reduction. RESULTS: The overall failure rate was 28.6% (8/28) at an average of 7.4 weeks postoperatively. Comparison of bone tunnel position showed that medialized bone tunnels were a significant predictor for early loss of reduction for the conoid (a ratio of 0.292 vs 0.248; P = .012) and trapezoid bone tunnels (a ratio of 0.171 vs 0.128; P = .004); this correlated to an average of 7 to 9 mm more medial in the reconstructions that failed. Reconstructions performed with a conoid ratio of ≥0.30 were significantly more likely to fail (5/5, 100%) than were those performed lateral to a ratio of 0.30 (3/23, 13.0%) (P < .01). There were no failures when the conoid ratio was <0.25 (0/10, 0%). Conoid tunnel placement was also statistically significant for predicting return to duty in our active-duty population. CONCLUSION: Medial tunnel placement is a significant factor in risk for early failures when performing anatomic CC ligament reconstructions. Preoperative templating is recommended to evaluate optimal placement of the clavicular bone tunnels. Placement of the conoid tunnel at 25% of the clavicular length from the lateral border of the clavicle is associated with a lower rate of lost reduction and a higher rate of return to military duty.

Early failures with single clavicular transosseous coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction remains a challenging procedure. The ideal reconstruction is biomechanically strong, allows direct visualization of passage around the coracoid, and is minimally invasive. Few published reports have evaluated arthroscopic techniques with a single clavicular tunnel and transcoracoid reconstruction. One such report noted early excellent results, but without specific outcome measures. This study reports the clinical and radiographic results of a minimally invasive, arthroscopically assisted technique of CC ligament reconstruction using a transcoracoid and single clavicular tunnel technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 10 consecutive repairs in 9 active duty patients who underwent CC ligament reconstruction with the GraftRope (Arthrex, Naples FL, USA). All reconstructions were performed according to the manufacturer's technique by a single, fellowship-trained surgeon. Medical records and radiographs were evaluated for demographics, operative details, loss of reduction, and return to duty. RESULTS: In 8 of 10 repairs (80%) intraoperative reduction was lost at an average of 7.0 weeks (range, 3-12 weeks). Four patients (40%) required revision. Subjective patient outcomes included 5 excellent/good results, 1 fair result, and 4 poor results. Tunnel widening was universally noted, and the failure mode in most patients appeared to be at the holding suture. CONCLUSION: This transcoracoid, single clavicular tunnel technique was not a reliable approach to CC ligament reconstruction. We noted a high percentage of radiographic redisplacement and clinical failure. This technique, in its current form, cannot be recommended to treat AC joint injuries in our population.