ABSTRACT
Part 1 of this article (see Vol 17, pp. 168-172) described the early life of Harvey Cushing and his encounters with Australian doctors, mostly in various military hospitals, in France, in World War 1. As none of the doctors he met at that time became neurosurgeons, and hence did not shape their professional development. When World War 1 ended, HC returned to a heavy schedule of operating at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and to his university obligations. He received the Companion of the Bath from the British Government for his war services and wrote the history of US Base Hospital No. 5, which he directed during the War. Cushing's reputation as a neurosurgeon was now secure and he was ready to play an even greater part as an academic neurosurgeon, teaching students from all parts of the world and continuing his researches into cerebral tumours and the pituitary gland.
Subject(s)
Military Medicine/history , Military Personnel , Neurosurgery/history , World War I , Australia , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Military Medicine/methods , Neurosurgery/methodsABSTRACT
Before World War 1 both the United States of America and Australia had rather rudimentary medical systems. Enterprising practitioners in both countries tended to look to continental Europe (especially Germany) and the United Kingdom as places of medical renown. The outbreak of World War 1 changed this but also enabled doctors from both the United States and Australia to work in military hospitals in Europe. The interactions that occurred were important for their professional development and led to some close associations between American and antipodean doctors. Examples of these were the experiences of Harvey Cushing, a burgeoning American neurosurgeon, which he recounted in his diary. His commentary merits close inspection and analysis. An account of some of Cushing's Australian connections post World War 1 is given in Part 2 (in press).
Subject(s)
Hospitals, Military/history , International Educational Exchange/history , Neurosurgery/history , Australia , Education, Medical, Continuing/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Military Medicine/history , Trauma, Nervous System/history , Trauma, Nervous System/surgery , World War ISubject(s)
Benzamides/adverse effects , Cyclohexanols/adverse effects , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Adult , Central Nervous System Depressants/poisoning , Drug Interactions , Drug Overdose , Ethanol/poisoning , Humans , Male , Moclobemide , Syndrome , Venlafaxine HydrochlorideABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe a young patient who had a comorbidity of mania and photoconvulsive epilepsy. CLINICAL PICTURE: This patient presented with a clinical picture of mania which proved difficult to treat until an EEG revealed the presence of photoconvulsive epilepsy. TREATMENT: Treatment with haloperidol and lithium was unsuccessful but the addition of carbamazepine produced a dramatic response. Haloperidol was stopped and the patient maintained on lithium and carbamazepine. OUTCOME: A successful outcome was achieved with carbamazepine and the patient has remained well on this treatment for 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: The authors postulate that there may be an association between photoconvulsive epilepsy and mania, perhaps on a kindling basis. The literature pertaining to the psychiatric aspects of photoconvulsive epilepsy is reviewed.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/complications , Light/adverse effects , Seizures/complications , Seizures/etiology , Adolescent , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Brain/physiopathology , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Electroencephalography , Female , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Humans , Lithium/therapeutic use , Seizures/drug therapyABSTRACT
The frontal lobes of the brain have long been regarded as enigmatic in their function and perhaps should be considered even more so in states of dysfunction. Observed associations between structural lesions and psychiatric symptoms and the demonstration of disturbed function and morphology in the frontal lobes of individuals suffering from major psychiatric disorders have led to increased interest in this brain area. Psychiatrists have been particularly concerned with seeking the aetiogenesis of common diagnostic entities and this article attempts to synthesize the available facts. A brief overview of relevant biological data precedes a description of methods of neuropsychological testing and the clinical features arising from frontal lobe damage. A discussion of the role of the frontal lobes in some aspects of personality function follows. Neuropsychiatric features associated with known frontal lobe pathology are described, prefacing a discussion of those psychiatric conditions where an aetiological role for frontal lobe dysfunction has been proposed.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/physiopathology , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Neurocognitive Disorders/physiopathology , Brain Mapping , Humans , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
Three patients who abused ephedrine are presented. The clinical picture resembled that of schizophrenia and amphetamine psychosis. Its relevance to current theories on the aetiology and understanding of schizophrenia is discussed.
