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2.
Can Commun Dis Rep ; 46(5): 121-124, 2020 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32558812

ABSTRACT

Understanding the epidemiology of COVID-19 among children and youth in Canada will help to inform public health measures in settings where children gather. As of April 27, 2020, provinces and territories provided the Public Health Agency of Canada with detailed information on 24,079 cases, of which 3.9% (n=938) were younger than 20 years of age. The detection rate per 100,000 population was lower in this age group (11.9 per 100,000), compared with those aged 20-59 years (72.4 per 100,000) and 60 and older (113.6 per 100,000). The median age among those younger than 20 years of age was 13 years, and cases were distributed equally across male and female genders. Among provinces and territories with more than 100 cases, 1.6% to 9.8% of cases were younger than 20 years of age. Cases in this age group were more likely to be asymptomatic: 10.7% compared with 2.4% in those aged 20-59 years and 4.1% in those aged 60 and older. Children and youth experienced severe outcomes less often, but 2.2% (n=15/672) of cases within this age group were severe enough to require hospitalization. Based on available exposure information, 11.3% (n=59/520) of cases aged younger than 20 years had no known contact with a case. Canadian findings align with those of other countries.

3.
Health Rep ; 29(10): 12-22, 2018 10 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30329145

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In Canada, vaccine coverage for seasonal influenza remains below targets. Few studies have sought to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with non-vaccination using a Canada-wide survey. This study aims to identify the determinants of, and the reasons for, non-vaccination. DATA AND METHODS: Data from the 2013/2014 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were used. Respondents were divided into three groups: adults aged 18 to 64 years with a chronic medical condition (CMC), adults in the same age group with no CMC, and adults aged 65 years and older. Logistic regressions were used to measure the association between sociodemographic factors and non-vaccination. RESULTS: Among adults aged 65 years and older, the proportion of non-vaccinated persons was 36.2%. This proportion was higher among adults aged 18 to 64 years with a CMC and those with no CMC (62.2% and 77.8%, respectively). Factors independently associated with non-vaccination in all groups included being young, having a lower level of education, and not having a family doctor. Among adults aged 65 years and older and 18 to 64 years with a CMC, excellent self-perceived health was also associated with non-vaccination. The belief that the vaccine is not necessary was the most common reason for non-vaccination. DISCUSSION: Too few Canadians get the influenza vaccine. The main reasons for not getting vaccinated have more to do with personal decision than barriers to access. This illustrates the ongoing need to inform the public about the importance of the vaccine and the risks associated with influenza.


Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Seasons , Vaccination Refusal/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Canada , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Factors , Vaccination Refusal/trends , Young Adult
4.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1829(6-7): 742-7, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23500183

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in prokaryote genetics have highlighted the important and complex roles of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs). Although blocking mRNA translation is often the main function of sRNAs, these molecules can also induce the degradation of target mRNAs using a mechanism that drastically differs from eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi). Whereas RNAi relies on RNase III-like machinery that is specific to double-strand RNAs, sRNA-mediated mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli and Samonella typhimurium depends on RNase E, a single-strand specific endoribonuclease. Surprisingly, the latest descriptions of sRNA-mediated mRNA degradation in various bacteria suggest a variety of previously unsuspected mechanisms. In this review, we focus on recently characterized mechanisms in which sRNAs can bind to target mRNAs to induce decay. These new mechanisms illustrate how sRNAs and mRNA structures, including riboswitches, act cooperatively with protein partners to initiate the decay of mRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Decay mechanisms.


Subject(s)
Endoribonucleases/genetics , RNA Stability/genetics , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Endoribonucleases/metabolism , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Escherichia coli/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , RNA Interference , RNA, Small Nuclear/genetics , Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid/genetics , Ribonuclease III/genetics , Salmonella typhimurium/enzymology , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
5.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 109(50): E3444-53, 2012 Dec 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23169642

ABSTRACT

Riboswitches are mRNA regulatory elements that control gene expression by altering their structure in response to specific metabolite binding. In bacteria, riboswitches consist of an aptamer that performs ligand recognition and an expression platform that regulates either transcription termination or translation initiation. Here, we describe a dual-acting riboswitch from Escherichia coli that, in addition to modulating translation initiation, also is directly involved in the control of initial mRNA decay. Upon lysine binding, the lysC riboswitch adopts a conformation that not only inhibits translation initiation but also exposes RNase E cleavage sites located in the riboswitch expression platform. However, in the absence of lysine, the riboswitch folds into an alternative conformation that simultaneously allows translation initiation and sequesters RNase E cleavage sites. Both regulatory activities can be individually inhibited, indicating that translation initiation and mRNA decay can be modulated independently using the same conformational switch. Because RNase E cleavage sites are located in the riboswitch sequence, this riboswitch provides a unique means for the riboswitch to modulate RNase E cleavage activity directly as a function of lysine. This dual inhibition is in contrast to other riboswitches, such as the thiamin pyrophosphate-sensing thiM riboswitch, which triggers mRNA decay only as a consequence of translation inhibition. The riboswitch control of RNase E cleavage activity is an example of a mechanism by which metabolite sensing is used to regulate gene expression of single genes or even large polycistronic mRNAs as a function of environmental changes.


Subject(s)
Aspartate Kinase/genetics , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational , RNA, Bacterial/genetics , RNA, Bacterial/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Riboswitch/genetics , Base Sequence , Binding Sites/genetics , Endoribonucleases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , Lysine/metabolism , Models, Biological , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase/metabolism , RNA Helicases/metabolism , RNA Stability , RNA, Bacterial/chemistry , RNA, Messenger/chemistry
6.
J Membr Biol ; 236(3): 259-70, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20740360

ABSTRACT

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists used to treat type 2 diabetes. TZD treatment induces side effects such as peripheral fluid retention, often leading to discontinuation of therapy. Previous studies have shown that PPARγ activation by TZD enhances the expression or function of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) through different mechanisms. However, the effect of TZDs on ENaC activity is not clearly understood. Here, we show that treating Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing ENaC and PPARγ with the TZD rosiglitazone (RGZ) produced a twofold increase of amiloride-sensitive sodium current (Iam), as measured by two-electrode voltage clamp. RGZ-induced ENaC activation was PPARγ-dependent since the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 blocked the activation. The RGZ-induced Iam increase was not mediated through direct serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1)-dependent phosphorylation of serine residue 594 on the human ENaC α-subunit but by the diminution of ENaC ubiquitination through the SGK1/Nedd4-2 pathway. In accordance, RGZ increased the activity of ENaC by enhancing its cell surface expression, most probably indirectly mediated through the increase of SGK1 expression.


Subject(s)
Epithelial Sodium Channels/metabolism , Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism , Ion Channel Gating/physiology , Oocytes/physiology , PPAR gamma/agonists , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Epithelial Sodium Channels/drug effects , Ion Channel Gating/drug effects , Oocytes/drug effects , Rosiglitazone , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/physiology , Statistics as Topic , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Xenopus laevis
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