ABSTRACT
Mass gatherings pose public health challenges to host countries, as they can cause or exacerbate disease outbreaks within the host location or elsewhere. In July 2012, the 11th Festival of Pacific Arts (FOPA), a mass gathering event involving 22 Pacific island states and territories, was hosted by Solomon Islands. An enhanced syndromic surveillance (ESS) system was implemented for the event. Throughout the capital city, Honiara, 15 sentinel sites were established and successfully took part in the ESS system, which commenced one week before the FOPA (25 June) and concluded eight days after the event (22 July). The ESS involved expanding on the existing syndromic surveillance parameters: from one to 15 sentinel sites, from four to eight syndromes, from aggregated to case-based reporting and from weekly to daily reporting. A web-based system was developed to enable data entry, data storage and data analysis. Towards the end of the ESS period, a focus group discussion and series of key informant interviews were conducted. The ESS was considered a success and played an important role in the early detection of possible outbreaks. For the period of the ESS, 1668 patients with syndrome presentations were received across the 15 sentinel sites. There were no major events of public health significance. Several lessons were learnt that are relevant to ESS in mass gathering scenarios, including the importance of having adequate lead in time for engagement and preparation to ensure appropriate policy and institutional frameworks are put in place.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Holidays , Population Surveillance , Adolescent , Female , Focus Groups , Humans , Male , Melanesia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Mass gatherings pose public health challenges to host countries, as they can cause or exacerbate disease outbreaks within the host location or elsewhere. In July 2012, the 11th Festival of Pacific Arts (FOPA), a mass gathering event involving 22 Pacific island states and territories, was hosted by Solomon Islands. An enhanced syndromic surveillance (ESS) system was implemented for the event. Throughout the capital city, Honiara, 15 sentinel sites were established and successfully took part in the ESS system, which commenced one week before the FOPA (25 June) and concluded eight days after the event (22 July). The ESS involved expanding on the existing syndromic surveillance parameters: from one to 15 sentinel sites, from four to eight syndromes, from aggregated to case-based reporting and from weekly to daily reporting. A web-based system was developed to enable data entry, data storage and data analysis. Towards the end of the ESS period, a focus group discussion and series of key informant interviews were conducted. The ESS was considered a success and played an important role in the early detection of possible outbreaks. For the period of the ESS, 1668 patients with syndrome presentations were received across the 15 sentinel sites. There were no major events of public health significance. Several lessons were learnt that are relevant to ESS in mass gathering scenarios, including the importance of having adequate lead in time for engagement and preparation to ensure appropriate policy and institutional frameworks are put in place.
ABSTRACT
This study is a catalogue of Dictyoptera (Mantodea, Isoptera and Blattaria) from five Eastern Mediterranean countries (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan). There are 75 species of Dictyoptera known to occur in these countries. These species belong to 15 families (eight of Mantodea, four of Isoptera and three of Blattaria). Mantodea is by far the dictyopteran group with the highest richness with 43 species occurring in this region, followed by Blattaria, with 21, and Isoptera with 11. Turkey is the place with the highest number of Dictyoptera (34%), followed by Iraq (23%) then Syria (22%), Jordan (15%) and Lebanon (7%). An analysis of accumulated number of species along time shows that most of this biodiversity was described during the 20th century, and that Mantodea is the group with the highest number of species described more recently. If this curve is taken as an estimator of the increase of diversity with new prospections, this indicates that the number of Mantodea in this region would be much higher than presently known. Conversely, the local richness of Blattaria and Isoptera are likely to be close to the present numbers, as the curves remain steady for about 100 years. An accumulation curve of species described with occurrence restricted to these five countries shows that most of them were described at the beginning of the 20th century. An analysis of the number of references dealing with each of these species along time reveals that Mantodea is the dictyopteran group most studied in all periods except the second half of the 20th century, when Isoptera was more cited. The types of these species are distributed in 29 institutions, but are mainly concentrated in four major European collections.
Subject(s)
Cockroaches/classification , Animal Distribution , Animals , Female , Male , Mediterranean RegionABSTRACT
The history of high-level classification of praying mantids is presented. The various historical stages that helped to construct our current knowledge on Mantodea taxonomy and systematic are highlighted through an extensive literature review, from pre-Linnaean times to the present. A provisional checklist of the names associated to suprageneric ranks (family, subfamily and tribe) is also provided, in addition to some remarks on the future efforts that need to be conducted in Mantodea research.
Subject(s)
Classification/methods , Mantodea/classification , Terminology as Topic , Animals , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
Considerando la prevalencia de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata y la consiguiente cirugía para su tratamiento, se aborda el síndrome de resección trans uretral que si bien es cierto no tiene una alta incidencia en los informes pero que es conveniente revisarla por la alta morbilidad del cuadro, más aun ahora que los tratamientos más novedosos que incluyen los diferentes tipos de laser amenazan con tomar la posta del tratamiento Gold estándar en HBP cuál es la RTU. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, eligiendo pacientes que carecen de factores mórbidos preoperatorios, se trata de ver las posibles relaciones con factores concomitantes descritos en la literatura. Se lograron incluir 156 pacientes al estudio, después de depurar los que no reunían los criterios de inclusión. Para manejo de las variables y mejor evaluación se categorizaron a los mismos en 6 rangos de edades, de los cuales se desprenden los datos para su respectiva descripción. El grupo más numeroso estuvo en el rango de 66 a 70 años con 49 pacientes (31,4 por ciento); luego el grupo de 60 a 65 años con 31 pacientes y el de 71 a 75 años con 28 pacientes, 19,8 por ciento y 17,9 por ciento respectivamente. Se presentan los resultados de las observaciones donde se puede distinguir que hay un factor no muy estudiado o reportado, la sobreresección. Estudios posteriores pueden seguir aportando para evaluar las diferentes técnicas de tratamiento quirúrgico que se vienen desarrollando y seguir buscando la calidad y eficiencia en el tratamiento de la patología prostática.