Toward the creation of an ontology for the coupling of atmospheric electricity with biological systems.

Atmospheric electric fields (AEFs) are produced by both natural processes and electrical infrastructure and are increasingly recognized to influence and interfere with various organisms and biological processes, including human well-being. Atmospheric electric fields, in particular electromagnetic fields (EMFs), currently attract a lot of scientific attention due to emerging technologies such as 5G and satellite internet. However, a broader retrospective analysis of available data for both natural and artificial AEFs and EMFs is hampered due to a lack of a semantic approach, preventing data sharing and advancing our understanding of its intrinsic links. Therefore, here we create an ontology (ENET_Ont) for existing (big) data on AEFs within the context of biological systems that is derived from different disciplines that are distributed over many databases. Establishing an environment for data sharing provided by the proposed ontology approach will increase the value of existing data and facilitate reusability for other communities, especially those focusing on public health, ecology, environmental health, biology, climatology as well as bioinformatics.

The response of the ozone layer to quadrupled CO2 concentrations.

An accurate quantification of the stratospheric ozone feedback in climate change simulations requires knowledge of the ozone response to increased greenhouse gases. Here, we present an analysis of the ozone layer response to an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 concentrations in four chemistry-climate models. We show that increased CO2 levels lead to a decrease in ozone concentrations in the tropical lower stratosphere, and an increase over the high latitudes and throughout the upper stratosphere. This pattern is robust across all models examined here, although important inter-model differences in the magnitude of the response are found. As a result of the cancellation between upper and lower stratospheric ozone, the total column ozone response in the tropics is small, and appears to be model dependent. A substantial portion of the spread in the tropical column ozone is tied to inter-model spread in upwelling. The high latitude ozone response is strongly seasonally dependent, and shows increases peaking in late-winter and spring of each hemisphere, with prominent longitudinal asymmetries. The range of ozone responses to CO2 reported in this paper has the potential to induce significant radiative and dynamical effects on the simulated climate. Hence, these results highlight the need of using an ozone dataset consistent with CO2 forcing in models involved in climate sensitivity studies.

The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet.

In the past several decades, the tropospheric westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere have been observed to accelerate on the poleward side of the surface wind maximum. This has been attributed to the combined anthropogenic effects of increasing greenhouse gases and decreasing stratospheric ozone and is predicted to continue by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC/AR4) models. In this paper, the predictions of the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) models are examined: Unlike the AR4 models, the CCMVal models have a fully interactive stratospheric chemistry. Owing to the expected disappearance of the ozone hole in the first half of the 21st century, the CCMVal models predict that the tropospheric westerlies in Southern Hemisphere summer will be decelerated, on the poleward side, in contrast with the prediction of most IPCC/AR4 models.

[Modern approaches to choice of anesthesia in children]. / Sovremennye podkhody k vyboru metoda anesteziologicheskogo posobiia u detei.

The advantages and disadvantages of intravenous and inhalation anesthesias in pediatric anesthesiology are analyzed. Causes of complications induced by myorelaxants and measures for preventing these complications are discussed. Basic protocols of intravenous or inhalation anesthesias with the minimum fresh gas flow for pediatric anesthesiology are presented.

[Oxygen transport parameters in halothane and isoflurane anesthesia with the low gas flow in children]. / Parametry transporta kisloroda pri anestezii galotanom i izofliuranom s minimal'nym potokom gazov u detei.

The efficiency and safety of low flow inhalation anesthesia for children were evaluated on the basis of oxygen transport parameters. Sixty-seven children aged 3 months to 15 years (mean age 5.7 +/- 2.5 years) were subjected to inhalation halothane and isoflurane anesthesia with fresh gas flow of 0.5 liter/min. Oxygen delivery, consumption, and tissue extraction were evaluated. Oxygen transport parameters remained optimal at all stages of anesthesia, which confirmed the safety of this method in children for routine interventions.

[Experience in the use of propofol in surgical interventions in children]. / Opyt primeneniia propofolia pri operativnykh vmeshatel'stvakh u detei.

The adequacy of anesthesia with propofol is evaluated in 48 children aged 3 months to 7 years (ASA I-III) subjected to abdominal and urological interventions. The children were divided into groups administered different general anesthesias: 9 children aged 3-7 years operated under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and fentanyl and 39 children aged 3 months to 6 years operated under TIVA with propofol, ketamine, and fentanyl. The efficiency of anesthesia was evaluated by electroencephalography and hemodynamic monitoring. TIVA with propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine did not notably decrease arterial pressure during induction; the course of anesthesia and recovery ran a smooth course; the doses of propofol and fentanyl were appreciably decreased. Use of this protocol in children aged under 3 years ensured adequate anesthesia with the minimum risk of hemodynamic disorders.

[Vitamin deficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease]. / Vitaminnaia nedostatochnost' u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

The authors report data of an investigation of the vitamin status in 154 patients with ischemic heart disease. A deficit of B1-, B2, PP-, B6 and C vitamins was found in the absolute majority of patients. Multivitamin deficiency was as a rule found. It is indicated that multivitamins should be given during the entire course of treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease.

[Vitamin PP and C allowances and their correction in the treatment of bronchial asthma patients]. / Obespechennost' vitaminami PP i C i ee korrektsiia pri lechenii bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

Providing with vitamins PP and C was studied in 124 patients with bronchial asthma (59 males and 65 females). Deficiency of the vitamins was recorded in the majority of the patients during the disease exacerbation, especially in the winter-spring period of the year. Decreased providing with nicotinic acid was noted in 83%, with ascorbic acid in 96.8% of the patients. The treatment without vitamins did not lead to normalization of providing with vitamins. Applying vitamin loadings lasting many days, rational doses of vitamins PP and C were determined for the correction of providing patients with these vitamins in the period of bronchial asthma exacerbation. Depending on the severity of their state the patients should be given 90-110 mg of nicotinic acid and 275-300 mg of ascorbic acid/day, during the course of the treatment. Inclusion of rational doses of vitamins PP and C intensifies the therapy effectiveness and reduces the terms of the inpatient treatment.