Prognostic of Yield of Potatoes of Promising Domestic Varieties under the Impact of Stress Abiotic Factors.

Twenty-four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties differing in ripening groups (early, middle-early, and mid-season-ripening) were studied. Potatoes were grown under the conditions of the Middle Volga region of Russia in 2019-2021. It was found statistically that the yield (t/ha) of the early and mid-season-ripening varieties was negatively correlated with the increase in average temperatures during the growing season from May to August (R = -0.97, p = 0.04). Soil moisture content at a depth of 20 cm was positively correlated with the yield of middle-early varieties (R = 0.97, p = 0.04). The average tuber weight in the early varieties was sensitive to the increase in average temperatures (R = -0.95, p = 0.04). An increase in soil moisture content was beneficial to the average tuber weight (R = 0.98, p = 0.04), though only in the middle-early and mid-season-ripening groups. However, the soil moisture content and the tuber numbers in the mid-season-ripening varieties were negatively correlated (R = -0.96, p = 0.05).

Productivity and Dynamics of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Parameters of Potatoes in Arid Climate.

Interrelation between the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and productivity of potato plants was shown for the first time using the example of a mid-season-ripening variety (v.) Siversky and a mid-early Tretyakovka v. The yield of Siversky v. turned out to be 1.6 times higher than the yield of Tretyakovka. Aboveground biomass of Siversky v. was distinguished by an increased content of photosynthetic pigments, a greater variability of the protein and lipid metabolism indicators, and more intense oxidation processes and antioxidant protection, which can be the key to its greater productivity. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the greatest relationship in the climatic conditions of central Russia in 2020 was found for productivity and such indicators as the stomata number per unit leaf area, the number of stems, and the content of pigments, phospholipids, neutral lipids, and water-soluble part of the protein. Thus, both morphological and physiological-biochemical properties can influence the course and direction of the production process, and, hence, the yield of a certain variety.

Physiological and Biochemical Strategies of Adaptation in Halophytes.

The relationship between the ecological adaptive strategies of some halophyte groups and their metabolism has been demonstrated; this correlation determines their competitive capabilities and place in the ecosystem. The features of the content of total and membrane lipids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and membrane and water-soluble proteins, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation, hydration of photosynthetic organs, and sodium accumulation in euhalophytes, crynohalophytes, and glycohalophytes, which are confined to different levels of soil salinity, have been established.

Detection of lipid-protein microdomains (rafts) and investigation of their functional role in the chloroplast membranes of halophytes.

To study the characteristics of the structure and the functional role of chloroplast membranes of halophytes with different salt tolerance strategy, raft structures were isolated. Lipid analysis data provided evidence for the presence of rafts in the chloroplast membranes. The discovered significant differences in the content of raft-forming lipids in different halophytes suggest a relationship between the functions of rafts and the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants.

[Polar lipid pool modification in leaves of hoary plantain (Plantago media L.) plants during their light adaptation under natural conditions].

Polar glycerolipids and photosynthetic pigments of Plantago media L. plants, growing on limestone outcrops of the Southern Timan, have been studied. Leaves of plants growing on well insolated and heated slopes are characterized by an intensive lipoperoxidation; the accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in these plants is 1.5-2 times less and the content of polar lipids is 15-20% less than in plants growing in dense grass at the bottom of slopes. The accumulation of some classes of glycerolipids in leaves in the daytime provides for stabilization of photosystem complexes and the formation of the pool of zeaxanthin, a protective xanthophyll. Changes in the content and ratio of lipids represent an important part of the adaptive reorganizations of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by excess radiation under natural conditions.

[The role of membrane lipids in the resistance of clapsing-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus L.) to excess of cadmium in water].

The effect of cadmium on clapsinng-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus L.) within the concentration range of 1-1000 microM was studied. It was shown that P. perfoliatus leaves accumulated cadmium during three days. This process was accompanied by changes in leaf morphology. The sensitivity of biochemical metabolites to cadmium was different. Low concentrations of cadmium (1 and 10 microM) increased the content of protein, total lipids, and photosynthetic pigments, whereas high concentrations (100 and 1000 microM) decreased the content of total lipids and pigments but increased protein content. Based on cadmium sensitivity, structural lipids were divided into three groups-resistant (neutral, phosphatidylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfolipid), the content of which increased in the presence of cadmium; labile (monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol); and nonresistant (phosphatidylethanolamine). It is concluded that the lipid component determines the resistance of P. perfoliatus to cadmium.

[Distribution of a betaine lipid O-(1,2-diacylglycero)-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in tissues of some Lycopodiophyta species]. / Raspredelenie betainovogo lipida O-(1,2-diatsilglitsero)-N,N,N-trimetilgomoserina v tkaniakh nekotorykh vidov Lycopodiophyta.

The distribution of O-(1,2-diacylglycero)-4'-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine (DGTS), a betaine lipid, in ten samples of plants belonging to the division Lycopodiophyta collected in various habitats was studied. Homogeneous plant tissues (vegetative shoots and spikelets) and mixed tissues (shoots with spikelets) were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the DGTS-synthesizing ability of various club mosses and to various tissue types forming an organ in a single plant species, as well as the ratio between DGTS and other glycerolipid classes. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2004, vol. 30, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.

Seasonal changes in polar lipids in fronds of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas and Matteuccia struthiopteris.

The distribution pattern of total lipids, glyco- and phospholipids, and one betaine lipid (DGTS) in the fronds ofthe ferns Dryopteris filix-mas and Matteuccia struthiopteris was studied. The lipid composition of the embryo leaflets forming a bud, or "treble clef", and that of fully opened leaves changed throughout the growth season. The maximum amount of DGTS in clefs and mature leaves was detected at the beginning of the season. By midsummer, the DGTS content decreased, dropping to zero in the fully opened leaves, and then increased again. The amount of DGTS in the clefs collected in October versus those collected in May was somewhat higher in the case of Dryopteris filix-mas and almost twofold lower in the case of Matteuccia struthiopteris. The ratio between polar lipids contained in the clefs and mature leaves throughout the growth season was determined.

Hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and lipids of freshwater grasses of the Potamogetonaceae family.

The composition of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and of total, polar, and neutral lipids was studied in freshwater Potamogetonaceae grasses collected in two different regions of the Volga river. More than 40 fatty acids and hydrocarbons were separated and identified by chromato-mass spectrometry. The variability of lipid characteristics of plants of the same family is discussed.

Fatty acid amides from freshwater green alga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum.

Freshwater green algae Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum growing in the Ural Mountains were examined for their fatty acid amides using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eight fatty acid amides were identified by GC-MS. (Z)-9-octadecenamide was found to be the major component (2.26%).

Occurrence of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines and major phospholipids in some plants.

Over 40 higher plant species were examined for the contents of total lipids, phospholipids, diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by using micro-HPTLC. The results showed a wider range of plants containing betaine lipids. So, DGTS was found in some higher plant species, not studied earlier, belonging to Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta; the lipid composition of many other species from Spermatophyta was also studied. It was demonstrated that more primitive plant species contained, as a rule, the betaine lipid DGTS. The quantitative data for the distribution of the main phospholipid classes PC, PE, and PG in various plant species and their tissues are given in this paper.

Seasonal variations of diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine content in Polypodiophyta.

Diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) belongs to a family of three known betaine lipids. It is synthesized by a number of bacteria, fungi, brown, red and green algae, in addition to lichens, and is also found in higher plants Bryophyta, Equisetophyta and Polydiophyta. It has been determined that DGTS plants can be DGTS-positive or DGTS-negative. The purpose of the present study was to examine the leaves of the ferns Drytopteris filix-mas (L.) Tod. and Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, collected at different time periods during a single vegetation season for their DGTS contents. The results obtained show that amounts of DGTS in all of the species examined varies relative to the time periods in which they were collected.

Comparative study of the lipids of four dominating species of freshwater plants and algae of the Shulgan river.

The fatty acid and lipid compositions of four dominating species of plants and algae of the Shulgan river--Alliaria petiolata, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Sphaeroplea annulina, and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum--were studied. The composition of phospho-, glyco-, and neutral lipids was investigated. A betaine lipid 1(3), 2-diacylglyceryl-(3)-O-4-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine was detected in the polar lipid fraction of the Rhynchostegium riparioides bryophyte. Characteristic distribution of lipids and fatty acids of freshwater plants and algae is discussed in term of various species specificity.