ABSTRACT
Stress has repeatedly been implicated in the onset and exacerbation of positive symptoms of psychosis. Increasing interest is growing for the role of psychosocial stress in the development of psychosis symptoms in individuals at Clinical High Risk (CHR) for psychosis. A systematic review was therefore conducted to summarize the existing evidence base regarding psychosocial stress, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal in individuals at CHR for psychosis. An electronic search of Ovid (PsychINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and GLOBAL HEALTH) was conducted until February 2022. Studies that examined psychosocial stress in CHR were included. Twenty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion. Psychosocial stress, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal were higher in CHR individuals compared to healthy controls and there was some evidence of their association with positive symptoms of psychosis. Two types of psychosocial stressors were found to occur more frequently with CHR status, namely daily stressors, and early and recent trauma, while significant life events did not appear to be significant. Greater exposure to psychosocial stress, emotional abuse, and perceived discrimination significantly increased risk of transition to psychosis in CHR. No studies examined the role of interpersonal sensitivity on transition to psychosis in CHR. This systematic review provides evidence for the association of trauma, daily stressors, social withdrawal, and interpersonal sensitivity with CHR status. Further studies investigating the impact of psychosocial stress on psychosis symptom expression in individuals at CHR and its effects on transition to psychosis are therefore warranted.
ABSTRACT
Psychosis is associated with a high risk of relapse, with 67% of clients relapsing within one year following a first episode. In light of the high personal, social, and healthcare costs of the illness, it is paramount to understand the risk factors associated with psychosis relapse. The current systematic review aims to critically review the role of psychosocial stress in psychosis relapse in individuals with an established psychotic disorder. This review systematically searched Ovid (PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE) literature databases from inception until 28th February 2022. Sixteen studies were eligible for inclusion. Most studies found that individuals with psychosis demonstrate high levels of psychosocial stress and are more likely to be socially withdrawn compared to healthy controls or other clinical presentations. Most studies reported a statistically significant association between psychosocial stress and psychosis relapse, as well as between social withdrawal and psychosis relapse. However, no studies examined the association between high levels of interpersonal sensitivity and psychosis relapse. Individuals with psychosis tend to experience high levels of psychosocial stress and social withdrawal, and these appear to increase the risk of psychosis relapse. Due to high levels of heterogeneity within the literature, we could only conduct a narrative synthesis of the findings. Future studies would benefit from employing a meta-analytic approach.
