Outcomes following open acetabular labrum reconstruction: Comparing fresh-frozen tendon with fresh meniscus allograft transplantation.

Background: Symptomatic acetabular labral insufficiency in young, active patients is often treated with labral repair or reconstruction using fresh-frozen allografts. However, fresh-frozen tendon allografts do not have tissue or material properties that closely mimic acetabular labral fibrocartilage. Recent studies suggest meniscal allografts may be a better biomechanical, geometric, and material alternative for acetabular labrum reconstruction (ALR). Hypothesis: Patients undergoing open ALR using fresh meniscus allograft transplants (MAT) will have better outcomes than those using fresh-frozen tendon allografts transplants (TAT) when comparing initial treatment success, diagnostic imaging assessments, and patient-reported pain and function scores. Study design: Cohort Study. Methods: With IRB approval, patients undergoing ALR with either TAT or MAT were included when initial (>1-year) outcomes data related to treatment success, pain, and function were available. In addition, a subcohort of patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging at least 6-months after surgery to evaluate allograft healing. Results: Initial success rate, defined as no need for ALR revision or conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA), was 88.9% for the entire group (n = 27, TAT = 5, MAT = 22) with 1 (20%) patient in the TAT cohort and 2 patients (9.9%) in the MAT cohort undergoing THA. In the MAT cohort, significant improvements were documented for physical function and pain scores at 1 year and final follow-up (FFU)(mean 26.8 months). Improvements in pain and function were noted at 1-year, but not at FFU (mean 59.6 months) in the TAT group. MRIs completed at least 6 months after labrum reconstruction showed improved allograft integrity and integration in the MAT cohort over the TAT cohort. Conclusion: For acetabular labrum reconstructions, MAT was associated with a higher initial success rate, superior patient reported outcomes, and subjectively better MRI findings when compared to TAT.

Comparison of Outcomes After Primary Versus Salvage Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Femoral Condyle Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions.

Background: Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCAT) allows the restoration of femoral condyle osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions using an osteochondral unit. When OCD lesions are irreparable, or treatments have failed, OCAT is an appropriate approach for revision or salvage surgery. Based on its relative availability, cost-effectiveness, lack of donor site morbidity, and advances in preservation methods, OCAT is also an attractive option for primary surgical treatment for femoral condyle OCD. Hypothesis: OCAT for large femoral condyle OCD lesions would be highly successful (>90%) based on significant improvements in knee pain and function, with no significant differences between primary and salvage procedure outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were enrolled into a registry for assessing outcomes after OCAT. Those patients who underwent OCAT for femoral condyle OCD and had a minimum of 2-year follow-up were included. Reoperations, treatment failures, and patient-reported outcomes were compared between primary and salvage OCAT cohorts. Results: A total of 22 consecutive patients were included for analysis, with none lost to the 2-year follow-up (mean, 40.3 months; range, 24-82 months). OCD lesions of the medial femoral condyle (n = 17), lateral femoral condyle (n = 4), or both condyles (n = 1) were analyzed. The mean patient age was 25.3 years (range, 12-50 years), and the mean body mass index was 25.2 kg/m2 (range, 17-42 kg/m2). No statistically significant differences were observed between the primary (n = 11) and salvage (n = 11) OCAT cohorts in patient and surgical characteristics. Also, 91% of patients had successful outcomes at a mean of >3 years after OCAT with 1 revision in the primary OCAT cohort and 1 conversion to total knee arthroplasty in the salvage OCAT cohort. For both primary and salvage OCATs, patient-reported measures of pain and function significantly improved at the 1-year and final follow-up, and >90% of patients reported that they were satisfied and would choose OCAT again for treatment. Conclusion: Based on the low treatment failure rates in conjunction with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported outcomes, OCAT can be considered an appropriate option for both primary and salvage surgical treatment in patients with irreparable OCD lesions of the femoral condyles.

Accelerated versus Standard Rehabilitation after Meniscus Allograft Transplantation in the Knee.

Meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) is a proven treatment option for patients with symptomatic irreparable meniscus deficiency. When patients are adherent to prescribed postoperative restriction and rehabilitation protocols, outcomes after MAT are considered good to excellent. However, nonadherence to standard protocols is common and can be associated with undesirable outcomes and patient dissatisfaction. Based on demonstrated safety for early weight-bearing following MAT in conjunction with significant advances in graft preservation and surgical techniques, our joint preservation center implemented a shift in practice toward accelerated weight-bearing following MAT and designed this study to test the hypothesis that accelerated rehabilitation would be associated with superior adherence, patient-reported outcomes, and patient satisfaction, without diminishing patient safety, when compared with standard rehabilitation. Patients were included for analyses when they had undergone fresh or fresh-frozen MAT using a double bone plug technique for treatment of medial or lateral meniscus deficiency and had at least 1-year treatment outcomes recorded. The results of this study revealed that patients who were prescribed accelerated rehabilitation after MAT were significantly more adherent than patients who were prescribed standard rehabilitation and reported statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in knee pain and function for at least 1-year following MAT, whereas those in the standard cohort did not. While not statistically different, treatment failure rate was lower in the accelerated rehabilitation cohort when compared with the standard rehabilitation cohort (11 vs. 29%). Importantly, initial outcomes for revision MAT were associated with short-term success in all the patients who opted for this option in the study population. These data suggest that accelerated weight-bearing after MAT is safe, promotes patient adherence, and is associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported knee pain and function at early and mid-term follow-up.

Outcomes after Anatomic Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions Using Transtibial and Tibial Inlay Techniques.

Surgical reconstruction is recommended for symptomatic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency. While anatomic double-bundle PCL reconstruction (PCLR) has been reported to be associated with biomechanical and clinical advantages over other methods, there is still debate regarding the optimal technique for tibial positioning and fixation. Based on reported advantages and disadvantages, we employed two tibial fixation techniques, transtibial (TT) and tibial inlay (TI) for anatomic double-bundle PCLR with technique selection based on body mass index, comorbidities, and primary versus revision surgery. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes following PCLR utilizing either TT or TI techniques to validate relative advantages, disadvantages, and indications for each based on the review of prospectively collected registry data. For 37 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 26 underwent arthroscopic TT PCLR using all-soft- tissue allograft with suspensory fixation in the tibia and 11 patients underwent open TI PCLR using an allograft with calcaneal bone block and screw fixation in the tibia. There were no significant preoperative differences between cohorts. Success rates were 96% for TT and 91% for TI with all successful cases documented to be associated with good-to-excellent posterior stability and range of motion in the knee at the final follow-up. In addition, patient-reported outcome scores were within clinically meaningful ranges for pain, function, and mental health after PCLR in both cohorts, suggesting similarly favorable functional, social, and psychological outcomes. Patient-reported pain scores at 6 months postoperatively were significantly (p = 0.042) lower in the TT cohort, which was the only statistically significant difference in outcomes noted. The results of this study support the use of TT and TI techniques for double-bundle anatomic PCLR in restoring knee stability and patient function when used for the treatment of isolated and multiligamentous PCL injuries. The choice between tibial fixation methods for PCLR can be appropriately based on patient and injury characteristics that optimize respective advantages for each technique.

Short-Term Outcomes After Bipolar Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation (OCAT) in the Ankle.

Treatment options for symptomatic cartilage loss in the ankle are not consistently effective. This study documents initial outcomes for patients undergoing bipolar OCAT in the ankle after advances in tissue preservation, transplantation techniques, and patient management strategies were implemented. Patients were prospectively enrolled into a registry designed to follow outcomes after OCAT in the ankle. Fourteen patients were included for analyses (12 primary OCAT, 2 revision OCAT). Four patients underwent Bipolar OCAT (tibia, talus) and 10 Bipolar+ OCAT (tibia, talus, fibula). Short-term (median follow-up 43, range 13-73 months) success was documented for 13 patients. Radiographic assessments indicated OCA integration and maintenance of joint space in 12 patients. Statistically significant (p < .030) and clinically meaningful improvements in AAOS and VAS pain scores were noted at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years following OCA transplantation when compared to preoperative measures. For patients that were nonadherent to postoperative restriction and rehabilitation protocols, all 1-year postoperative PROs were significantly lower (p < .050) than for patients who were adherent. The successful outcomes documented in 13 of 14 patients in conjunction with significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported measures of pain and function support OCA transplantation as an appropriate treatment option in indicated patients. These improvements in outcomes were associated with advances in OCA preservation, preimplantation treatment, transplantation techniques, and patient management strategies, suggesting this shift in practice be considered for OCA transplantation in the ankle.

Treatment failures (revision or arthroplasty) after knee osteochondral allograft transplantation with minimum two-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCAT) has been associated with good short- to mid-term outcomes, however, treatment failures occur more frequently than desired. This study used data from a lifelong outcomes registry to analyze knee OCAT treatment failure rates, variables associated with knee OCAT treatment failures, and outcomes after revision or arthroplasty surgery for knee OCAT treatment failures. METHODS: Patient outcomes were followed after knee OCAT performed using standard preservation (SP) or Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System (MOPS®) allografts. The study population consisted of patients undergoing primary OCAT with ≥ 2-year follow-up. For comparisons, the treatment failure population was defined by patients in the study population with documented treatment failure (revision or arthroplasty) with ≥ 2-year follow-up after failure. Functional graft survival was defined as no further need for revision surgery after primary or revision OCAT. RESULTS: A total of 262 patients (n = 136 males; 51.9%) were analyzed. SP grafts were used for 59 cases and MOPS grafts were used for 203 cases. Treatment failure was documented in 61 cases (23.3%). MOPS grafts were 3.3 times more likely to be associated with functional graft survival. SP grafts, older patient age, higher BMI, tibiofemoral bipolar OCAT and non-adherence to the postoperative rehabilitation protocol were significantly associated with treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: Knee OCAT resulted in functional graft survival at short- to mid-term follow-up in the majority (70-88%) of cases. In addition, revision of primary OCAT resulted in functional graft survival for at least 2 years after revision surgery in the majority (66%) of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2, prospective cohort study.

Do Patients Living in Rural Areas Report Inferior 1-Year Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Matched Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rural status has been associated with poor outcomes for several health problems, but its relationship and outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has not been fully characterized. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are key measures of success following TKA. Therefore, this matched cohort study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients who live in rural settings will report significantly worse PRO scores 1 year after TKA when compared to those who live in urban or suburban settings. METHODS: Patients undergoing TKA at our institution were categorized into urban, suburban, and rural cohorts based on Rural Urban Commuting Area scores using reported living setting zip codes. Cohorts were matched for body mass index classification. Demographic data were extracted from the medical records, and PRO data (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement (KOOS JR), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health and Mental Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Activity Score, and Visual Analog Scale Pain were collected preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively. Comparisons across living settings were made using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests or Chi-square tests. A total of 882 TKA patients (n = 294 per cohort) were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients living in urban areas had significantly lower preoperative pain scores compared to suburban and rural residents. All measured PROs significantly improved from preoperative levels at 1 year post-TKA with no significant differences among living setting cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In cohorts matched for body mass index, living in a rural setting was not associated with inferior PROs 1 year after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, retrospective cohort study.

The complexity of patient adherence in orthopaedics: A qualitative study to identify barriers and develop strategies for adherence partnerships.

INTRODUCTION: While the importance of patient adherence to treatment protocols is firmly accepted, a definition for adherence and mechanisms to address non-adherence are not well established. The goals of this study were to define adherence and identify barriers and enablers for adherence partnerships through the lens of the orthopaedic healthcare team. METHODS: The qualitative study was designed using concepts from grounded theory. Eight focus groups, comprised of orthopaedic healthcare team members, were conducted to identify factors influencing orthopaedic patient adherence to treatment plans. RESULTS: Healthcare team members identified a range of factors affecting patient adherence. Participants conveyed that patient non-adherence can be a deliberate decision but can also result from barriers faced by the patient. Synthesis of themes identified distinct phases of adherence and culminated in the creation of a preliminary model that encapsulates healthcare team and patient factors impacting adherence, which was entitled, The Barriers and Enablers to Treatment Adherence (BETA) Model. CONCLUSION: The study findings alleviate the patient from the sole burden of adherence, recognising the influences that the healthcare team and system have on patients' ability to adhere. The BETA model of patient adherence represents the first step to mitigating non-adherence by providing a foundation for programmatic research aimed at developing and evaluating interventions and management strategies that empower healthcare teams to effectively equip patients for adherence, leading to optimised patient outcomes following orthopaedic interventions.

Patient Adherence Following Knee Surgery: Evidence-Based Practices to Equip Patients for Success.

Patient adherence with postoperative wound care, activity restrictions, rehabilitation, medication, and follow-up protocols is paramount to achieving optimal outcomes following knee surgery. However, the ability to adhere to prescribed postoperative protocols is dependent on multiple factors both in and out of the patient's control. The goals of this review article are (1) to outline key factors contributing to patient nonadherence with treatment protocols following knee surgery and (2) to synthesize current management strategies and tools for optimizing patient adherence in order to facilitate efficient and effective implementation by orthopaedic health care teams. Patient adherence is commonly impacted by both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors, including health literacy, social determinants of health, patient fear/stigma associated with nonadherence, surgical indication (elective vs. traumatic), and distrust of physicians or the health care system. In addition, health care team factors, such as poor communication strategies or failure to follow internal protocols, and health system factors, such as prior authorization delays, staffing shortages, or complex record management systems, impact patient's ability to be adherent. Because the majority of factors found to impact patient adherence are nonmodifiable, it is paramount that health care teams adjust to better equip patients for success. For health care teams to successfully optimize patient adherence, focus should be paid to education strategies, individualized protocols that consider patient enablers and barriers to adherence, and consistent communication methodologies for both team and patient-facing communication.

Integrated Care for Comprehensive Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis: Program Development and Implementation.

Treatment of symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is often complicated by comorbidities, which put patients at potentially higher risks following operative interventions. Management of these comorbidities is usually separate from orthopaedic care, with patients invited to return to their orthopaedic surgeon once surgical risk factors are better controlled. However, this practice can lead to disjointed care, resulting in uncertainty, mistrust, unmanaged pain, and dissatisfaction for patients. Integrated care teams provide an effective option for coordinated comprehensive nonoperative and preoperative management of patients with knee OA and medical comorbidities. The objective of this article is to summarize the process for implementation of an integrated program to manage patients with symptomatic knee OA and the initial outcomes at our institution as an example of the effects of integrated patient management in orthopaedics. At the author's institution, an integrated program was implemented, successfully addressing the unmet need for coordinated care for patients with bone and joint health problems and medical comorbidities. Patients who completed the full program experienced significant improvements in both pain and function. Potential applications for knee surgeons considering implementing integrated care models could include pre- and postoperative management programs, nonoperative management program, and programs seeking to meet key metrics such as improved readmission rates, patient satisfaction, or value-based care. For effective program implementation, careful planning with convenient referral mechanisms, leadership buy-in, and patient-centered communication protocols are required.

Serial ultrasonographic imaging can predict failure after meniscus allograft transplantation.

Introduction: Treatment monitoring after meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) is challenging. Ultrasonographic (US) imaging has been proposed as a modality that may allow for treatment monitoring after MAT, but has yet to be clinically validated for this purpose. The objective of this study was to assess the capabilities for serial US imaging during the first year after surgery to predict short-term MAT failure. Methods: Patients who had undergone Meniscus-only or Meniscus-Tibia MAT for treatment of medial or lateral meniscus deficiency were prospectively evaluated by US imaging at various time points after transplantation. Each meniscus was evaluated for abnormalities in echogenicity, shape, associated effusion, extrusion and extrusion with weightbearing (WB). Results: Data from 31 patients with a mean follow-up of 32 ± 16 (range, 12-55) months were analysed. MAT failure occurred in 6 patients (19.4%) at a median time point of 20 (range, 14-28) months with 4 (12.9%) converted to total knee arthroplasty. US imaging was effective for assessing MAT extrusion and imaging with WB demonstrated dynamic changes in MAT extrusion. US characteristics that were significantly associated with higher likelihood for MAT failure included abnormal echogenicity, localised effusion, extrusion with WB at 6 months, and localised effusion and extrusion with WB at 1 year. Conclusions: US assessments of meniscus allografts at 6 months after transplantation can effectively determine risk for short-term failure. Abnormal meniscus echogenicity, persistent localised effusion and extrusion with weightbearing were associated with 8-15 times higher odds for failure, which occurred at a median of 20 months post-transplantation.

Effects of Patient Assessment and Education by an Integrated Care Team on Postoperative Adherence and Failure Rates After Osteochondral Allograft and Meniscal Allograft Transplantation in the Knee.

Background: Patient nonadherence with prescribed rehabilitation protocols is associated with up to 16 times higher likelihood of treatment failure after osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) and meniscal allograft transplantation. Hypothesis: Patients who completed counseling with an orthopaedic health behavior psychologist as part of an evidence-based shift in practice at our institution would have significantly lower rates of nonadherence and surgical treatment failure versus patients who did not participate in counseling. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Patients in a prospective registry who underwent OCA and/or meniscal allograft transplantation between January 2016 and April 2021 were included for analysis when 1-year follow-up data were available. Of 292 potential patients, 213 were eligible for inclusion. Patients were categorized based on whether they participated in the preoperative counseling and postoperative patient management program: no health psych group (n = 172) versus health psych group (n = 41). Nonadherence was defined as documented evidence of a deviation from the prescribed postoperative rehabilitation protocol. Results: In this cohort of patients, 50 (23.5%) were documented to be nonadherent. Patients in the no health psych cohort were significantly more likely to be nonadherent (P = .023; odds ratio [OR], 3.4). Tobacco use (OR, 7.9), higher preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference score, lower preoperative PROMIS Mental Health score, older age, and higher body mass index were also significantly associated with nonadherence (P < .001 for all). Patients who were nonadherent with the prescribed postoperative rehabilitation protocol during the first year after transplantation were 3 times more likely (P = .004) to experience surgical treatment failure than those who were adherent. Overall, 26.2% of patients in the no health psych group experienced surgical treatment failure versus 12.2% in the health psych cohort. Conclusion: Data from the present study suggest that preoperative counseling with a health behavior psychologist is associated with an improved rate of patient adherence and a lower proportion of surgical treatment failure after OCA and meniscal allograft transplantation. Patients who remained adherent to the postoperative protocol were 3 times more likely to have a successful short-term (≥1 year) outcome.

Factors Important to Patients when Making Treatment Decisions for Knee Osteoarthritis.

Patient treatment decisions for knee osteoarthritis (OA) are driven largely by the patient's physical examination and radiograph findings. Because multiple treatment options may be medically appropriate, it is imperative that the patient's voice be considered to better facilitate patient-centered treatment decisions. Concordance between physicians and patients on optimal treatment can vary, with few studies identifying the factors important to patients when making treatment decisions for knee OA. The goal of this analysis is to identify and synthesize subjective factors in the literature found to influence patient decision-making in a presurgical knee OA population, such that physicians and health care teams can become better equipped to help patients realize their specific treatment goals. This review was registered with PROSPERO and conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. A systematic search was completed in four databases for search terms related to knee OA and decision-making. Articles were eligible for inclusion when they discussed (1) patients' thoughts, feelings, goals, and perceptions that factored into treatment deliberation and decision-making; and (2) related to knee OA. Twenty-four articles were identified, 11 qualitative studies and 13 quantitative studies. Synthesis of the included articles revealed three main themes that drive patient treatment decisions: (1) individual catalysts to pursue treatment including pain and mobility limitations, (2) interpersonal factors including social networks and clinician trust, and (3) risks versus benefits assessment including patients' beliefs and expectations. Only a few studies looked at nonoperative treatment decisions, and no studies looked at cohorts considering knee preservation surgeries. This study was completed to synthesize literature related to patient treatment decisions for nonoperative and surgical management of knee OA, finding that patients consider multiple subjective factors when choosing whether to move forward with treatment. Understanding how patients' beliefs determine their preferences for treatment can improve shared decision-making.

Orthopaedic trauma patient non-adherence to follow-up visits at a level 1 trauma center serving an urban and rural population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess key demographic and psychosocial variables that may be associated with non-adherence to clinic visits following orthopaedic trauma injuries to patients in an urban and rural population. METHODS: This retrospective review included all operative and non-operative patients presenting to a Level I academic trauma center serving an urban and rural population in the Midwest following an orthopaedic injury. The study tracked patient attendance to scheduled orthopaedic trauma follow-up clinic visits after a scheduled visit in the clinic following a trauma-related injury. RESULTS: Data were obtained for 5816 unique orthopaedic trauma patients who had 21,066 post-treatment follow-up visits scheduled. 1627 "no-show" appointments were recorded. Factors associated with no-shows included male sex, age between 26 and 35 years, self-reported race other than white, employment listed as disabled, household income below $25,000, education less than a high school level, uninsured, Medicaid insured, and relationship status reported as single. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, key demographic and psychosocial factors were significantly associated with patient adherence to scheduled follow-up appointments after treatment for orthopaedic trauma. Identifying patients at higher risk for nonadherence will allow healthcare teams to educate patients, providers, and staff, link patients to resources to enhance adherence, and work with their institutions to develop and implement protocols for improving adherence to follow-up appointments.

Initial Outcomes After Unicompartmental Tibiofemoral Bipolar Osteochondral and Meniscal Allograft Transplantation in the Knee Using MOPS-Preserved Fresh (Viable) Tissues.

BACKGROUND: Unicompartmental tibiofemoral bipolar osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCAT) with meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) has not historically been associated with consistently successful outcomes for treatment of knee articular cartilage defects with meniscal deficiency. HYPOTHESIS: Primary OCAT and MAT using fresh tissues will be associated with successful short-term outcomes based on statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in pain and function in the majority of patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled into a registry for outcomes after OCAT and MAT. Patients included those who underwent primary OCAT and MAT using Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System (MOPS)-preserved allografts for treatment of large bipolar tibiofemoral articular cartilage defects with meniscal deficiency and had a minimum of 2-year follow-up data. RESULTS: A total of 76 patients (n = 52 male; 68%) met inclusion criteria (mean follow-up, 52 months). The mean age was 41.1 years (range, 15-69 years), and the mean body mass index was 28.9 (range, 17-46); 48 patients underwent another OCAT in addition to the unicompartmental bipolar tibiofemoral OCAT and MAT; 23 patients (30.3%) were documented to be nonadherent to the prescribed postoperative restriction and rehabilitation protocol. The initial success rate (>2 years) was 77.6%, with 8 patients (10.5%) undergoing revision and 9 (11.8%) converting to arthroplasty. Variables associated with an increased risk for treatment failure (revision or arthroplasty) included ipsilateral osteotomy (P = .046; odds ratio [OR] = 3.3), ipsilateral concurrent procedure (P = .0057; OR = 5.5), and nonadherence (P = .0009; OR = 7.2). None of the patients undergoing revision surgery required arthroplasty at the time of data analysis such that the overall success rate for primary and revision unicompartmental bipolar OCA plus MAT was 88.2%. There were statistically significant (P < .0001) and clinically important improvements for all patient-reported outcomes at each annual follow-up time point. CONCLUSION: Unicompartmental tibiofemoral bipolar OCAT and MAT can result in successful short-term outcomes (2-6 years) and satisfaction in the majority of patients (78%). Primary MOPS-preserved OCAT with MAT for treatment of femoral condyle and tibial plateau articular cartilage defects with concurrent meniscal deficiency was associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported measures of pain and function.

Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing a Novel Motion-Assistive Device to Standard Physical Therapy for Initial Management of Knee Range of Motion after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.

This prospective randomized clinical trial assessed a novel device for initial management of knee range of motion (ROM), pain, and function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Primary TKA patients with preoperative ROM of at least 5° to 115° were randomized to initial knee motion management: Mizzou BioJoint Flex-novel motion-assistive device with prescribed physical therapy or standard physical therapy-prescribed physical therapy. ROM, pain score, and knee injury and osteoarthritis score for joint replacement (KOOSjr) were obtained preoperatively and 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively. Patient satisfaction for both cohorts and subjective assessments of the MBF device were assessed at 3 months. Readmissions, reoperations, and complications were assessed through 1 year. Nineteen patients were randomized to each cohort, with no significant preoperative differences in demographics, pain score, KOOSjr score, or ROM. Six SPT (31.6%) and 3 MBF (15.8%) patients failed to regain preoperative ROM (p = 0.044). One SPT (5.3%) and eight MBF (42%) patients exceeded 125° ROM (p = 0.019) by 3 months. Total ROM (p = 0.039), pain (p = 0.0068), and function (p = 0.0027) were significantly better for MBF at 3 months. MBF patients reported significantly higher satisfaction (mean, 9.4 ± 1.1 vs. 8.0 ± 1.8, respectively; p = 0.0084). One patient in each group underwent manipulation under anesthesia. No other readmissions, reoperations, or complications were reported. A novel durable medical equipment device can provide a safe and effective patient-controlled method for initial management of knee ROM, pain, and function after primary TKA with potential clinically meaningful advantages over physical therapy alone. In conjunction with physical therapy, management with this novel knee flexion device more effectively restored knee ROM and early patient function when compared with therapy alone and was associated with higher proportions of patients regaining minimum (115°) and desired (125°) levels of knee ROM and clinically meaningful differences in pain scores, knee function, and patient satisfaction. This is a Level 1, prospective trial study.

The Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System Is Associated With Better Short-Term Outcomes Than Standard Preservation Methods When Performing Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Using Shell Grafts for Patellofemoral Lesions.

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes after whole-surface osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation using shell grafts for treatment of patellofemoral joint lesions with respect to surfaces treated and OCA preservation method. METHODS: With institutional review board approval and informed consent, patients were prospectively enrolled into a registry to follow outcomes after OCA transplantation. Patients who received patellofemoral shell OCA to treat the entire articular surface of the patella, trochlea, or both, and with a minimum of 2-year follow-up data, including patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), failures, and complications, were included. Functional graft survival was determined based on patients returning to functional activities without need for OCA revision or arthroplasty surgery and calculated using the formula: 100% - (%revision + %failure). Minimum clinically important differences were determined based on previously validated data. Outcomes were compared based on differences in graft preservation methodology (Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System [MOPS] or standard preservation [SP]) and based on surfaces treated (patella, trochlea, or both). RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 36.7 years (range 15-60 years) and mean body mass index was 28.9 (range 18-42). OCAs stored using SP methods were transplanted in 12 patients, mean follow-up was (66.1 months; range 54-70 months): OCAs stored using MOPS methods were transplanted in 46 patients, mean follow-up was (44.8 months; range 24-60 months). Graft survival rate at final follow-up was significantly greater (P = .025) for MOPS OCAs (98%) compared with SP OCAs (75%), whereas 2-year functional graft survival rates (MOPS 98% vs SP 83%; P = .1) were not. Reoperation rate was significantly greater (P = .0014) for SP cases compared with MOPS cases. PROMs showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements through 4 years after unipolar patella, unipolar trochlea, and bipolar patellofemoral OCA transplantation using MOPS grafts. Unipolar patella OCA transplantations were associated with significantly more reduction in pain and significantly better PROMs at 1-year compared with unipolar trochlea and bipolar patellofemoral OCAs. CONCLUSIONS: OCA transplantation using MOPS shell grafts for unipolar and bipolar patellofemoral resurfacing was associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements from preoperative levels of pain and function. The 2-year functional graft survival rate was 83% in the SP group and 98% in the MOPS group, such that MOPS was associated with better short-term outcomes than SP methods when performing OCA transplantation using shell grafts for patellofemoral lesions. Patients who received unipolar patella allografts reported the best outcomes in terms of pain and function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective analysis of registry data.

Biologic Joint Restoration: A Translational Research Success Story.

Treatment options that result in consistently successful outcomes for young and active patients with joint disorders are needed. This article summarizes two decades of rigorous research using a bedside-to-bench- to-bedside translational approach based on the One Health - One Medicine concept that culminated in successful clinical use of biologic joint restoration options for treatment of knee, hip, ankle, and shoulder problems in this growing patient population.

Assessment of Outcomes After Multisurface Osteochondral Allograft Transplantations in the Knee.

Background: Treatment of multisurface articular cartilage lesions of the knee is a challenging problem. Hypothesis: Large multisurface cartilage defects in the knee can be successfully managed with transplantation of high chondrocyte viability osteochondral allografts (OCAs) to result in statistically significant improvements in patient-reported outcome measures of pain and function. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled into a registry to follow outcomes after OCA transplantation. The study included patients who received OCA transplantation for multisurface unipolar defects in 1 knee and had minimum 2-year follow-up data, including patient-reported outcome measures, failures, reoperations, and complications. The OCA transplants had been stored using 2 methods: standard preservation (SP) or Missouri Osteochondral Preservation System (MOPS). Preoperative data were compared with outcomes at 1 year and final follow-up, and risk factors for revision surgery or failure (total knee arthroplasty) were analyzed. Results: The sample included 25 patients with a mean age of 37.2 years (range, 13-51 years), body mass index of 27.7 (range, 18-38), and follow-up of 45.1 months (median, 49 months; range, 24-68 months). OCAs stored using SP were transplanted into 6 patients, and those stored using MOPS were transplanted into 19 patients. The initial success rate was significantly higher for MOPS OCAs (94.7%) than SP OCAs (33.3%). There were statistically significant improvements in all patient-reported outcomes at 1 year and final follow-up in the MOPS cohort (P < .0001 for all). Revision surgery/failure was significantly associated with patients who were nonadherent to the prescribed postoperative restrictions and rehabilitation protocols (P = .038; odds ratio = 13.5) and with OCAs that had a viable chondrocyte density <70% of the established reference range mean at transplantation (P = .0037; odds ratio = 76). Conclusion: OCA transplantation for treatment of large multisurface cartilage defects in the knee resulted in a 94.7% initial success rate when grafts with high viable chondrocyte density (≥70%) were used and when patients strictly adhered to prescribed postoperative rehabilitation protocols. Successful outcomes were associated with statistically significant improvements in patient-reported outcome measures of pain and function.

Incidence and Cost of Surgical Site Infections After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation and Meniscal Allograft Transplantation in the Knee.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) significantly influence outcomes and health care costs after orthopaedic surgery, but they have not been well characterized for osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation with or without meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT). Purpose: To characterize the incidence, cost, and risk factors associated with potential or confirmed SSIs after large single-surface, multisurface, or bipolar allograft transplantation in the knee. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Prospectively collected registry data were analyzed for patients who underwent primary or revision OCA transplantation with or without MAT in the knee. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines were used to define SSIs and calculate the SSI incidence. Both potential and confirmed SSIs were analyzed to determine related treatment methods, calculate associated health care costs, and characterize risk factors based on the OCA surgery type (single-surface, multisurface, bipolar, ±MAT), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system, surgery duration, length of stay, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and current tobacco use. Results: A total of 224 patients were included in the analysis. There were 2 SSIs in 1 patient that met CDC criteria, such that the incidence for this patient population was 0.9%. An additional 7 patients (3.1%) were examined for potential infections not classified as SSIs. Patients with potential or confirmed SSIs had a significantly higher mean BMI compared to patients with no evidence of an SSI (P <.001). BMI >35 (odds ratio, 9.1) and tobacco use (odds ratio, 6.6) were associated with greater odds for a potential or confirmed SSI. The mean health care costs were $6101 for patients who required additional emergency room visits and/or irrigation and debridement within 90 days postoperatively for potential or confirmed SSIs, $19 for patients with potential superficial incisional SSIs, and $12,100 for patients who experienced a potential or confirmed deep incisional or organ/space SSI >90 days from surgery. Conclusion: Large OCA transplantation with and without MAT were associated with a low incidence of confirmed SSIs (0.9%), and patients with BMI >35 and current tobacco use had greater odds of an SSI. Potential and confirmed SSIs were associated with unscheduled appointments, additional surgical procedures, and higher costs.