Diurnal fluctuation of zinc concentration in metal polluted rivers and its potential impact on water quality and flux estimates.

Diurnal fluctuations of metals have been observed in the South Tyne river catchment, UK, in both upland tributaries and major river reaches. Zinc exhibits the most pronounced cyclicity, with concentrations increasing during the night to a maximum near 05:00 before decreasing during the day. This trend is the inverse of pH and temperature observations, which are thought to be the predominant drivers behind the cyclicity. Photosynthetic reactions of biomass and algae alter the pH within the river systems, therefore promoting hydrous metal oxide precipitation during the daylight which consequently allows divalent cations including zinc to sorb onto them. This mechanism may be supported by direct uptake of zinc by algae and other biogeochemical reactions which combine to create large differences in zinc concentrations; during base flow zinc concentrations increased by 326% from the minima over 48 hours. Maximum concentrations are not being captured during routine water quality analysis resulting in inaccurate and misleading EQS results and total flux estimations, for example the annual total zinc flux in a small tributary increases from 17 to 76 tonnes/year when routine grab sample data are supplemented with 24-hour sampling results.

The injured lung: clinical issues and experimental models.

Exposure of military and civilian populations to inhaled toxic chemicals can take place as a result of deliberate release (warfare, terrorism) or following accidental releases from industrial concerns or transported chemicals. Exposure to inhaled toxic chemicals can result in an acute lung injury, and in severe cases acute respiratory distress syndrome, for which there is currently no specific medical therapy, treatment remaining largely supportive. This treatment often requires intensive care facilities that may become overwhelmed in mass casualty events and may be of limited benefit in severe cases. There remains, therefore, a need for evidence-based treatment to inform both military and civilian medical response teams on the most appropriate treatment for chemically induced lung injury. This article reviews data used to derive potential clinical management strategies for chemically induced lung injury.