Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia garinii DNAs in patient with Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel disease).

Determination of the causative agent of erythema-like skin lesions in case of nonspecific superficial perivascular dermatitis was supported by histological examination and led to the latter diagnosis of Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel disease) in patient. The presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in patient serum was confirmed by a routine ELISA method and verified by Western blot technique. Skin biopsy and blood specimens were analyzed by PCR and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). Western blot method revealed IgG antibody response against two specific antigens, 17 and 83 kDa proteins. The recombinant test detected IgG antibody response against p100 and p41 antigens. The sequence analysis of amplicons from the selected genomic loci obtained from skin biopsy and serum samples revealed the presence of two species from B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex as a co-infection in this patient-B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) and Borrelia garinii.

Functional genomics studies of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in response to infection with the cattle protozoan parasite, Babesia bigemina.

Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, but the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. Babesia spp. are tick-borne pathogens that cause a disease called babesiosis in a wide range of animals and in humans. In particular, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina are transmitted by cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus, which are considered the most important cattle ectoparasites with major economic impacts on cattle production. The objectives of this study were to identify R. annulatus genes differentially expressed in response to infection with B. bigemina. Functional analyses were conducted on selected genes by RNA interference in both R. annulatus and R. microplus ticks. Eight hundred randomly selected suppression-subtractive hybridisation library clones were sequenced and analysed. Molecular function Gene Ontology assignments showed that the obtained tick sequences encoded for proteins with different cellular functions. Differentially expressed genes with putative functions in tick-pathogen interactions were selected for validation of SSH results by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Genes encoding for TROSPA, calreticulin, ricinusin and serum amyloid A were over-expressed in B. bigemina-infected ticks while Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 5 mRNA levels were down-regulated in infected ticks. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes by double stranded RNA-mediated RNAi showed that under the conditions of the present study knockdown of TROSPA and serum amyloid A significantly reduced B. bigemina infection levels in R. annulatus while in R. microplus, knockdown of TROSPA, serum amyloid A and calreticulin also reduced pathogen infection levels when compared with controls. Several studies have characterised the tick-pathogen interface at the molecular level. However, to our knowledge this is the first report of functional genomics studies in R. annulatus infected with B. bigemina. The results reported here increase our understanding of the role of tick genes in Babesia infection/multiplication.

Molecular cloning, expression and isolation of ferritins from two tick species--Ornithodoros moubata and Ixodes ricinus.

Genes encoding ferritins were isolated and cloned from cDNA libraries of hard tick Ixodes ricinus and soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. Both tick ferritins are composed of 172 amino-acid residues and their calculated mass is 19,667.2 Da and 19,974.5 Da for I. ricinus and O. moubata, respectively. The sequences of both proteins are closely related to each other as well as to the ferritin from another tick species Dermacentor variabilis (>84% similarity). The proteins contain the conserved motifs for ferroxidase center typical for heavy chains of vertebrate ferritins. The stem-loop structure of a putative iron responsive element was found in the 5' untranslated region of ferritin mRNA of both ticks. Antibodies against fusion ferritin from O. moubata were raised in a rabbit and used to monitor the purification of a small amount of ferritins from both tick species. The authenticity of ferritin purified from O. moubata was confirmed by mass-fingerprinting analysis. In the native state, the tick ferritins are apparently larger (~500 kDa) than horse spleen ferritin (440 kDa). On SDS-PAGE tick ferritins migrate as a single band of about 21 kDa. These results suggest that tick ferritins are homo-oligomers of 24 identical subunits of heavy-chain type. The Northern blot analysis revealed that O. moubata ferritin mRNA level is likely not up-regulated after ingestion of a blood meal.