ABSTRACT
This study compared the metabolic cost of ice skating and in-line skating in Division I collegiate hockey players. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were compared between the two conditions at three skating velocities: 12.5 km.h-1, 16.5 km.h-1, and 20 km.h-1. Twelve subjects were tested on two occasions: on ice (ice skating) and off ice (in-line skating). They skated for 3 min at each velocity, with heart rate recording and gas collection taking place during the final 30 s of each stage. A two-factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the chosen velocities affected the two conditions differently for heart rate (p < .01). No interaction between condition and velocity was found for absolute (p < .43) and relative (p < .15) oxygen uptake. In-line skating produced significantly greater heart rate values and absolute oxygen uptake values than ice skating at all three velocities (p < .05). In-line skating also generated significantly greater relative oxygen uptake values at 16.5 km.h-1 and 20 km.h-1. Results suggest that the metabolic cost of in-line skating is greater than that of ice skating for collegiate ice hockey players when skating at three velocities similar to those skated during game conditions.
Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism , Hockey , Skating/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Biomechanical Phenomena , Blood Gas Analysis , Heart Rate , Humans , Monitoring, Physiologic , Oxygen Consumption , Skating/classificationABSTRACT
This study investigated the effectiveness of using visual cues to highlight the seams of baseballs to improve the hitting of curveballs. Five undergraduate varsity baseball team candidates served as subjects. Behavior change was assessed through an alternating treatments design involving unmarked balls and two treatment conditions that included baseballs with 1/4-in. and 1/8-in. orange stripes marking the seams of the baseballs. Results indicated that subjects hit a greater percentage of marked than unmarked balls. These results suggest that the addition of visual cues may be a significant and beneficial technique to enhance hitting performance. Further research is suggested regarding the training procedures, effect of feedback, rate of fading cues, generalization to live pitching, and generalization to other types of pitches.
Subject(s)
Attention , Baseball , Motion Perception , Psychomotor Performance , Adult , Cues , Discrimination Learning , Humans , Male , OrientationABSTRACT
Tongue protrusion of a 24-year-old moderately retarded woman with Down syndrome was reduced through self-monitoring. A series of six, 30-minute audio cassette tapes, with decreasing numbers of beep tones, served as cues to self-monitor. Tongue protrusion was measured by an interval recording method with 10-second intervals for two, 5-minute periods randomly selected within two, 30-minute self-monitoring periods. Tongue protrusion decreased from 95% of intervals during baseline to 0% of intervals during intervention and 3-week follow-up. This reduction of tongue protrusion was maintained when the self-monitoring procedures were gradually faded and withdrawn. The implications of fading self-monitoring procedures to promote response maintenance are discussed.
Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy/methods , Down Syndrome/rehabilitation , Tongue Habits , Adult , Female , Humans , Self Care , Stereotyped BehaviorABSTRACT
A survey of client absenteeism in community-based training facilities was conducted. Results indicated that clients who resided with their natural parents were absent more frequently than were clients who resided in community living facilities. In addition, absenteeism was not related to level of intellectual functioning or to age. Sex differences approached significance as female clients were found to be absent more often than were male clients; however, the duration of the absences was shorter, resulting in no significant difference between sexes in total days absent.
