General Health and Resilience of Breast Cancer Patients: The Mediator Role of Affective Well-Being.

A considerable percentage of breast cancer patients present adequate psychological adjustment and do not become distressed after a breast cancer diagnosis, or, if they do, they manage to recover quickly, which is reflected in their general health. This study aims to determine the role of some psychological mechanisms that affect psycho-oncological adjustment, specifically, resilience and well-being, in a sample of 109 breast cancer patients. For this purpose, participants completed questionnaires on general health, resilience, and well-being (life satisfaction and affect). Correlation analyses and a multiple mediation model were carried out. The results revealed that Pearson correlations between all variables showed strong associations between general health scores and positive and negative affect scores, and moderate associations with life satisfaction and resilience scores. Furthermore; in the mediation model, the total percentage of variance explained by the overall model was 55% (R2 = 0.55), where resilience was associated with positive and negative affect, and that influenced general health. These results show that affective well-being is especially relevant in breast cancer patients in terms of its mediating role in resilience, making it clear that an appropriate intervention focused on managing patients' affective status can have a favorable impact on their overall health.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Adolescent Bullying: A Systematic Review / El papel de la inteligencia emocional en el acoso escolar adolescente: una revisión sistemática

Bullying is a problem within the school context and with important consequences for the victim. The scientific literature has shown that emotional intelligence (EI) enhances the role of cohabitation within the school context. This systematic review aims to analyze the evidence of the role of EI in bullying. Results show greater levels of emotional perception in students involved in bullying and lower levels of emotional understanding and regulation compared to students not involved in these behaviors. In addition, gender differences in their levels of EI were found among students involved in bullying. The results reveal the importance of designing and implementing programs of EI in the school context as prevention and action against bullying. (AU)

El acoso escolar o bullying tiene lugar en el contexto escolar y tiene importantes consecuencias para la víctima. La literatura ha mostrado ampliamente que la inteligencia emocional (IE) tiene un rol favorecedor de la convivencia en el contexto escolar. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la evidencia que existe sobre el papel de la IE en el acoso escolar. Los resultados señalan que hay un mayor nivel de percepción emocional en el alumnado implicado en el acoso (tanto agresor como víctima) y menor en comprensión y regulación en comparación con el alumnado que no está implicado en estas conductas. Además, se observaron diferencias en el grado de IE de los estudiantes implicados en acoso según el género. Los resultados indican la importancia que tiene diseñar e implementar programas de desarrollo de la IE en el contexto educativo como prevención y actuación en el acoso escolar. (AU)

Knowledge and Myths About Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a terrible type of maltreatment that occurs in all countries and social statuses, but due to the shame and taboo that it creates, it is still riddled with myths and false beliefs that make it difficult for the population and the authorities to adequately determine its prevalence. The objective of this work was to explore what Mexican women know about CSA. The participants were Mexican women (N = 499) who filled out a questionnaire comprising ten items referring to truths and myths about CSA, indicating their degree of agreement with them on a Likert scale. The results showed that although Mexican women have quite adequate knowledge about CSA, they still hold wrong beliefs about the child's feelings toward the abuser or the child victim becoming an adult abuser. Likewise, differences were found in the myths and truths about CSA held by women under 40 and over 40 years of age.

What Do We Know About Child Sexual Abuse? Myths and Truths in Spain.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a terrible type of maltreatment that can have serious physical and psychological consequences for victims. These consequences include shame and are often taboo in conversation, which makes CSA very difficult to see. Therefore, multiple myths exist about CSA that can lead to misperceptions regarding issues such as its context, prevalence, and consequences. What is unknown cannot be addressed; therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate Spanish participants' knowledge about CSA as well as examine gender and educational level differences. A 10-item questionnaire comprising myths and truths about CSA was developed, taking into account existing literature. Participants (N = 1,540) had to rate their level of agreement with the statements. Some important aspects of CSA remain unclear, particularly in terms of the background of the victims (e.g., gender, educational level, CSA prevalence). Significant differences in the perception of CSA between men and women and among those with various educational levels were found: Men and people with lower levels of education held more myths about CSA. In conclusion, better knowledge about CSA is needed to get people involved in its prevention. We must consider the myths and truths about CSA when designing prevention programs and tailor educational programs to the target population.

Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women: Type of Experience, Age, Perpetrator, and Disclosure.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment that occurs in practically all countries and social statuses. Due to the taboo and shame that surrounds it, CSA is a problem universally silenced despite the important consequences (both physical and psychological) that it has for the victim and their family. This work aimed to study the correlates of CSA in Mexican women. Our sample comprised 1058 women ranged from 18 to 73 years (M = 40.19; SD = 10.24). They completed an anonymous online survey including questions about all the different types of abuse, questions about who perpetrated it, at what age it happened, and whether the victim disclosed the abuse. Our results showed that, depending on the type of abuse, from 13.9% to 65.8% of the participants had suffered at least one episode of CSA throughout their childhood. The first episode typically occurred between 6 and 12 years old, with the perpetrator being a male. The youngest women reported higher rates of being shown pornography by a family member, whereas the oldest ones reported higher rates of exhibitionism by a stranger. Only 31.3% of the sample disclosed the abuse, usually to their mother or a peer. Differences among the correlates of the different types of abuse, the age of the victims, and the relationship with the perpetrator are discussed as well as the victims' feelings of being believed when they disclosed the abuse.

Validación preliminar del "Test de los Ojos para niños" en castellano / Prelimnary Validation of spanish “eyes test-child versión”

El Test de los Ojos para niños (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Spong, Scahill, & Lawson, 2001) mide la teoría de la mente (TM) de niños y adolescentes de 8 a 17 años utilizando una tarea de reconocimiento emocional. Este test fue diseñado para la evaluación de las habilidades de reconocimiento emocional y mentalización y se ha utilizado ampliamente en diversos contextos culturales como herramienta de diagnóstico de desórdenes relacionados con déficits de TM, como los desórdenes del espectro autista, la esquizofrenia o problemas de conducta. Este estudio presenta los datos preliminares de la validación al castellano del Test de los Ojos para niños en una muestra no clínica de adolescentes españoles. Se analizó la distribución de respuesta, la dificultad de los ítems y las puntuaciones de la versión en castellano en una muestra de 354 adolescentes de entre 14 y 16 años. Además, se exploró si el grado de acierto estaba asociado con la edad o el género. Tanto la distribución de respuesta, como la dificultad de los ítems y las puntuaciones obtenidas por la muestra española coincidieron con la versión original del instrumento. Las puntuaciones obtenidas en el Test de los Ojos para niños no se relacionaron con la edad pero sí con el género de los participantes. Las chicas obtuvieron puntuaciones mayores, coincidiendo con los resultados de estudios previos. En resumen, estos resultados sugieren una validez adecuada de la versión en castellano del Test de los Ojos para niños

The Eyes Test-Child version (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Spong, Scahill, & Lawson, 2001) is a test that measures advanced theory of mind (ToM) skills through an emotional recognition task. The test was designed for the diagnosis of emotional recognition and mentalization, and it has been widely used across different cultures as a tool for the diagnosis of disorders associated with a deficit in ToM skills, such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia or behavioral disorders. This study reports the preliminary validation of the Spanish “Eyes Test-Child Version” in an adolescent nonclinical population. We examined distribution of response, item difficulty, and scores on the Spanish version with a sample of 354 adolescents aged 14 to 16 years. Additionally, we analyzed whether the right responses were associated with age and gender. Results showed that distribution of response, item difficulty, and scores on the Spanish sample coincided with the original version. Eyes Test scores were not related to the age of adolescents. Females scored higher than males, which replicates earlier studies

Me siento triste ¿y ahora qué hago? Análisis de las estrategias de regulación que utilizan las personas emocionalmente inteligentes / I feel sad, what can I do? Analyses of mood regulation strategies used by emotionally intelligent people

El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la frecuencia y la eficacia de las estrategias de regulación que utilizan las personas cuando se sienten tristes, conocer cómo se asocian las estrategias de regulación con la subescala de manejo emocional de una medida de habilidad de inteligencia emocional y examinar las relaciones que mantienen con la sintomatología depresiva. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 400 participantes. Se utilizaron el "Cuestionario de estrategias de autorregulación del estado de ánimo", el "Inventario de depresión de Beck" y la subescala de Manejo emocional del "Test de inteligencia emocional de Mayer, Salovey, Caruso". Los resultados indicaron que la estrategia más eficaz para regular la tristeza era "llamar, hablar o estar con alguien". Mayores niveles en regulación emocional se asociaron con menor depresión, así como con el uso de distintas estrategias para manejar la tristeza. Asimismo, la escala de manejo emocional explicó parte de la varianza de la depresión más allá de las estrategias de regulación. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos (AU)

The main aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and effectiveness of mood-regulation strategies that people use when they feel sad, and to examine how these mood-regulation strategies are associated with the emotion management subscale of an EI ability measure, and with depression symptoms. The sample was composed of 400 participants. The measures used were the Self Regulating Strategies of Mood Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the subscale of Emotion Management of the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. Results showed that the most effective strategy to regulate sadness was "call, talk to, or be with someone". Higher scores in emotional management were associated with lower scores in depression, as well as the use of different mood-regulation strategies to reduce sadness. Moreover, the emotion management subscale accounted for some of the variance in depression beyond mood-regulation strategies. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed

[Virological response to adefovir dipivoxil predicts the long-term development of resistance in previously untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B]. / La respuesta virológica al tratamiento con adefovir dipivoxil predice el desarrollo de resistencias a largo plazo en pacientes con hepatitis crónica B HBeAg negativo previamente no tratados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy in lamivudine-resistant patients is associated with more frequent development of resistance than in naïve patients. The virological response during treatment predicts the risk of developing resistance. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients and to determine whether virological response predicts the development of adefovir resistance. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This study included 82 patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who received adefovir dipivoxil therapy. During active treatment, HBV-DNA values were determined by polymerase chain reaction; in addition, the presence of adefovir resistance-associated mutations was studied in cases of virological breakthrough. RESULTS: Virological response at 12 and 24 months was 59% and 73% in naive patients compared with 40% and 67% in lamivudine-resistant patients, whereas virological breakthrough at 24 months was 9.5% in naïve patients compared with 20% in lamivudine-resistant patients. A small percentage (4%) of patients with virological response at 12 months showed virological breakthrough between 12 and 40 months versus 29.4% of patients without virological response (P=.03). In lamivudine-resistant patients, virological response at 12 months was not a predictive factor for the development of virological breakthrough. CONCLUSIONS: Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy in lamivudine-resistant patients is associated with an increased tendency to develop virological breakthrough, which cannot be predicted by virological response at 12 months of treatment. In naive patients, an undetectable viral load at 12 months of treatment ensures the absence of virological breakthrough at 40 months of treatment.

La respuesta virológica al tratamiento con adefovir dipivoxil predice el desarrollo de resistencias a largo plazo en pacientes con hepatitis crónica B HBeAg negativo previamente no tratados / Virological response to adefovir dipivoxil predicts the long-term development of resistance in previously untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B

Fundamento y objetivo La monoterapia con adefovir dipivoxil en pacientes resistentes a lamivudina se asocia con mayor desarrollo de resistencias que en naive. La respuesta virológica durante el tratamiento predice el riesgo de resistencias. Los objetivos de este estudio son evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento con adefovir dipivoxil en pacientes naive y resistentes a lamivudina y valorar si la respuesta virológica predice el desarrollo de resistencias a adefovir. Pacientes y metodo Se ha incluido a 82 pacientes con hepatitis crónica B (HCB) HBeAg negativo tratados con adefovir dipivoxil. Durante el tratamiento se determinó ADNVHB por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y en los casos de breakthrough virológico, se estudió la presencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia a adefovir. Resultados La respuesta virológica a los 12 y 24 meses fue del 59 y el 73% en naive y del 40 y el 67% en resistentes a lamivudina. El breakthrough virológico a los 24 meses fue del 9,5% en naive y el 20% en resistentes a lamivudina. El 4% de los naive con respuesta virológica a los 12 meses presentó breakthrough virológico entre 12 y 40 meses de tratamiento frente al 29,4% de los pacientes sin respuesta virológica (p=0,03). En resistentes a lamivudina la respuesta virológica a los 12 meses no predijo el breakthrough virológico. Conclusiones La monoterapia con adefovir dipivoxil en pacientes resistentes a lamivudina se asocia con mayor tendencia al desarrollo de breakthrough virológico no predecible por la respuesta virológica a los 12 meses de tratamiento. En pacientes naive la carga viral no detectable a los 12 meses de tratamiento predice la ausencia de breakthrough virológico hasta los 40 meses de tratamiento (AU)

Background and objective Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy in lamivudine-resistant patients is associated with more frequent development of resistance than in naïve patients. The virological response during treatment predicts the risk of developing resistance. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients and to determine whether virological response predicts the development of adefovir resistance. Patients and method This study included 82 patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who received adefovir dipivoxil therapy. During active treatment, HBV-DNA values were determined by polymerase chain reaction; in addition, the presence of adefovir resistance-associated mutations was studied in cases of virological breakthrough. Results Virological response at 12 and 24 months was 59% and 73% in naive patients compared with 40% and 67% in lamivudine-resistant patients, whereas virological breakthrough at 24 months was 9.5% in naïve patients compared with 20% in lamivudine-resistant patients. A small percentage (4%) of patients with virological response at 12 months showed virological breakthrough between 12 and 40 months versus 29.4% of patients without virological response (P=.03). In lamivudine-resistant patients, virological response at 12 months was not a predictive factor for the development of virological breakthrough. Conclusions Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy in lamivudine-resistant patients is associated with an increased tendency to develop virological breakthrough, which cannot be predicted by virological response at 12 months of treatment. In naive patients, an undetectable viral load at 12 months of treatment ensures the absence of virological breakthrough at 40 months of treatment (AU)