Correlation between Cerebral Hemodynamic and Perfusion Pressure Changes in Non-Human Primates.

The mechanism that maintains a stable blood flow in the brain despite changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and therefore guaranties a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to the neurons, is known as cerebral autoregulation (CA). In a certain range of CPP, blood flow is mediated by a vasomotor adjustment in vascular resistance through dilation of blood vessels. CA is known to be impaired in diseases like traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, stroke, hydrocephalus and others. If CA is impaired, blood flow and pressure changes are coupled and the oxygen supply might be unstable. Lassen's blood flow autoregulation curve describes this mechanism, where a plateau of stable blood flow in a specific range of CPP corresponds to intact autoregulation. Knowing the limits of this plateau and maintaining CPP within these limits can improve patient outcome. Since CPP is influenced by both intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure, long term changes in either can lead to autoregulation impairment. Non-invasive methods for monitoring blood flow autoregulation are therefore needed. We propose to use Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to fill this need. NIRS is an optical technique, which measures microvascular changes in cerebral hemoglobin concentration. We pe erformed experiments on non-human primates during exsanguination to demonstrate that the limits of blood flow autoregulation can be accessed with NIRS.

Projected climate-driven faunal movement routes.

Historically, many species moved great distances as climates changed. However, modern movements will be limited by the patterns of human-dominated landscapes. Here, we use a combination of projected climate-driven shifts in the distributions of 2903 vertebrate species, estimated current human impacts on the landscape, and movement models, to determine through which areas in the western hemisphere species will likely need to move to track suitable climates. Our results reveal areas with projected high densities of climate-driven movements - including, the Amazon Basin, the southeastern United States and southeastern Brazil. Some of these regions, such as southern Bolivia and northern Paraguay, contain relatively intact landscapes, whereas others such as the southeastern United States and Brazil are heavily impacted by human activities. Thus, these results highlight both critical areas for protecting lands that will foster movement, and barriers where human land-use activities will likely impede climate-driven shifts in species distributions.

Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s.

Global demand for agricultural products such as food, feed, and fuel is now a major driver of cropland and pasture expansion across much of the developing world. Whether these new agricultural lands replace forests, degraded forests, or grasslands greatly influences the environmental consequences of expansion. Although the general pattern is known, there still is no definitive quantification of these land-cover changes. Here we analyze the rich, pan-tropical database of classified Landsat scenes created by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to examine pathways of agricultural expansion across the major tropical forest regions in the 1980s and 1990s and use this information to highlight the future land conversions that probably will be needed to meet mounting demand for agricultural products. Across the tropics, we find that between 1980 and 2000 more than 55% of new agricultural land came at the expense of intact forests, and another 28% came from disturbed forests. This study underscores the potential consequences of unabated agricultural expansion for forest conservation and carbon emissions.

[Quality of life of lumbago patients cared for in a pain center]. / Qualité de vie de patients lombalgiques suivis dans un centre de la douleur.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life of patients treated in a pain center. METHOD: Sixty eight patients were assessed during their first consultation, then 6, 12 and 18 months later, using a quality of life questionnaire "SQVP or Subjective Quality of Life Profile" validated in French populations and a panel of questionnaires for the monitoring of chronic pain, recommended by the ANAES (French Agency for Health Assessment). RESULTS: Results showed that: the patients' quality of life was clearly deteriorated (lowest quality in the data base--14,000 patients--with regard to the SQVP); the profile obtained (severe handicap) suggests that the lumbagos are part of a psychiatric context; the patients' quality of life clearly improves after 6 months' treatment, but the pain only stabilizes later.

Developing and implementing a Healthy Heart program for women in a parish setting.

Designed for implementation in a parish setting, the "Hearts To God" project integrates spirituality, stewardship, and wholeness into a cardiovascular health promotion program. This program fills a health education void regarding cardiovascular disease and women. The program and accompanying manual incorporate heart healthy education with a spirituality message to encourage behavior change. It can be adapted to suit the educational context and adult population. Exercises included in the manual enable women to assess, develop, and evaluate their own plan for heart health. Participants found the program to be relevant.